2 Startersa

2.
Starter and Solenoid
Starter and Solenoid

Automotive – Electrical Systems
Topics covered in this presentation:

 Electromagnetic principles
 Starter motor construction and operation
 Starter solenoid construction and operation
ClassAct SRS enabled.

2. Starter and Solenoid
Starting
Crankshaft must rotate
for vehicle to start.
Modern vehicles use

battery power to
operate starter motors.
Hand crank
Starter motors and solenoids operate
using electromagnetic principles.
Next >
Electromagnetic Principles
Magnetic
Magnetic field is formed Conductor
field
when current passes

through a wire (conductor).
Current flow
Flux has direction that is away from you
Flux direction
current direction dependant. Current flow
towards you
‘X’ indicates current
flowing away from you.
‘Dot’ indicates current Magnetic poles

flowing towards you.
Conductors repel when

magnetic fields oppose.
Therefore, conductor will move if

placed between magnetic poles. Next >
Question 1
The SHAPE of the magnetic field around a wire carrying a current
depends on the direction of the current. Is this true or false?
Answer True or False.

Question 2
The DIRECTION of the magnetic field around a wire carrying a
current depends on the direction of the current. Is this true or false?

Electromagnetic Principles
A wire looped several times will Magnetic
form a coil. fields

Current will flow in opposite
directions on each side of the coil.
Magnetic forces on each side of the
coil will act in opposite directions. Loop Direction of
Produces a twisting (torque) force current flow
on the coil.
Force will turn the coil until is is at right angles to the magnetic field. Next >
Question 3
What is another name for a twisting force?
A) Push
B) Pull
C) Torque
D) Friction
The Simple DC Motor

Electric motor converts electrical energy into rotational kinetic energy.
When a voltage is applied to a coil in a magnetic field, the two magnetic

fields react to cause rotational movement.
Next >
Motor Principle - Commutator

Coil is kept turning by reversing the direction of the current when the
coil is at right angles to the magnetic field.
Using a commutator ensures

that the current is always
flowing in the same direction
around the coil (relative to the
fixed magnetic field).
Next >
Question 4
What connects the battery to the commutator?
A) Carbon brush
B) Magnetic field
C) Connecting wire
D) Wire loop
Motor Principle - Commutator

Commutator is a conductive
cylinder split into two halves.
Each coil terminal is

connected to its respective
half of the commutator.
Electrical connection is
made to the commutator
with carbon brushes held
in place by springs.
The commutator and coil

spin freely about a
central pivot point while
the brushes do not move. Next >
Motor Principle - Commutator Action

Positive voltage applied to side A of
the coil - current flows from A to B.
Creates a magnetic field around

the coil that reacts with the main
magnetic field, causing the coil to
turn counter-clockwise.
When the coil gets to the vertical

position the carbon brushes reach
the gap in the commutator - current
stops flowing in the coil.
Next >
Motor Principle - Commutator Action

Momentum of the coil causes the
coil to continue rotating.
Positive voltage is now applied to

side B of the coil - current flows
from B to A.
Magnetic fields react again to

cause counter-clockwise direction.
Next >
Commutator in Real Motor

With this design the motor will
not be able to start when the

brushes are in contact with the
insulation between the two
halves of the commutator.
In reality a motor will

contain more than one coil.
The commutator is made so

that at least one coil is
energized at any one time.
Next >
Question 5
Which of the following best describes the action of a commutator?
A) To reverse the current in the coil every half-turn
B) To connect the battery to the brushes
C) To interrupt the current in a coil every half-turn
D) To reverse the magnetic field of the magnet every half-turn

Question 6
If a motor was running with just one coil, which of the following
would correctly describe its motion?
A) It would run smoothly at constant speed
B) It would run at a very high speed
C) It would run unevenly
D) It would run very slowly

Speed of Rotation
Rotational speed of the motor depends upon the size of the force between
the main magnetic field and the magnetic field in the coil.
Rotational speed can be increased or decreased by changing:
 The strength of the main magnetic field.
 The number of turns in the coil (affects the strength of the magnetic field
generated by the coil).
 The current flowing through the coil (set by the applied voltage and the
thickness of wire used).
In a starter motor, the main magnetic field is also created by passing a

current through coils, called the field coils.
Next >
Question 7
Which of the following does NOT directly affect the speed of
rotation of a motor?
A) Magnet's magnetic field
B) Resistance of the carbon brushes
C) Applied voltage
D) Number of turns of wire in the coil

Typical Starter Motor Construction

Solenoid Operated Starter
Solenoid
Armature
Metal housing
Shift lever
Field coils
Drive pinion
Brushes
Commutator
Next >
The Armature
Central rotating part of a starter motor.
Many loops (coils) are required.
Coils are wound in slots, in

a laminated soft metal core.
Ends of coils are

soldered to the
commutator.
Bearings
Each segment is insulated. Next >

Question 8
What is the purpose of the bearings on the armature?
A) To improve the conductivity of the coil
B) To keep the commutator clean
C) To keep the different coils insulated from each other
D) To allow the armature to rotate smoothly

Field Coils
Carbon brush
Coils produce magnetic field.
Made from insulated wires,

wrapped around iron cores.
Connected in pairs to provide

North and South poles.
One end of each pair is

connected to supply terminal,
the other end of each pair is
connected to a carbon brush.
Coils
Powerful magnetic field is set
up, when current flows.
Supply terminal Next >
Starter Motor Electrical Configurations

Windings can be configured to
provide different torques.
Common arrangement
uses four field coils. Armature in series
with field coils
Two pairs of field coils are Coils
wired in series. Field in series
coils
Field coil series pairs

are wired in parallel.
The parallel field coils

are wired in series with
the armature windings.
Coils in
parallel Next >
Question 9
What does a starter motor most need to supply?
A) High speed
B) Low speed
C) High torque
D) Low torque
Typical Solenoid Construction

Solenoid connects battery to starter motor.
Mounted separately on early vehicles.
Field Windings.
Solenoid plunger.
Moving contacts.
Heavy duty terminals.
Next >
Typical Solenoid Construction

Mounted on starter motor
on modern vehicles.
Winding 1
Fitted with shift lever to
‘pre-engage’ starter
motor pinion gear with
Shift level
flywheel ring gear.
Winding 2 Low
Usually contains Starter
winding
two field windings. motor
High
Low winding winding
connects to ground. From ignition
switch
High winding connects To starter

to the starter motor. From battery motor
Heavy duty contacts Next >
Typical Starter Motor Operation

Low winding High winding 12V from
Ignition switch set to Plunger
ignition
start, current flows
switch
through both windings.
Shift lever
As starter motor is
connected to high
winding, it slowly
begins to turn.
Current flow produces

magnetic field, which
moves plunger, shift Pinion Armature Field coils
lever and pinion. Next >
Typical Starter Motor Operation

Low winding Ignition switch set to run
Lever movement causes slow
moving pinion gear to engage Plunger Battery

voltage
with flywheel ring gear.
Heavy
At full lever duty
travel, heavy duty terminals
Shift lever
contacts close,
Pinion
battery voltage is
applied to starter
motor, which
turns at full
speed.
Once gears are
meshed, low winding keeps
solenoid plunger in position.
Armature
Shift lever and solenoid plunger return to rest Field coils
position when ignition switch is set to run. Next >
Question 10
When the starter motor is not energized, it remains engaged
with the flywheel. Is this true or false?

Summary
You should now be aware of:
 Electromagnetic principles
 Starter motor construction

and operation
 Starter solenoid construction

and operation
End >

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2.

Starter and Solenoid

Starter and Solenoid

Topics covered in this presentation:

ClassAct SRS enabled.

for vehicle to start.

Modern vehicles use

when current passes

‘Dot’ indicates current Magnetic poles

Conductors repel when

Therefore, conductor will move if

depends on the direction of the current. Is this true or false?

Answer True or False.

current depends on the direction of the current. Is this true or false?

Answer True or False.

form a coil. fields

The Simple DC Motor

When a voltage is applied to a coil in a magnetic field, the two magnetic

Motor Principle - Commutator

coil is at right angles to the magnetic field.

Using a commutator ensures

Motor Principle - Commutator

cylinder split into two halves.

Each coil terminal is

The commutator and coil

Motor Principle - Commutator Action

the coil - current flows from A to B.

Creates a magnetic field around

When the coil gets to the vertical

Motor Principle - Commutator Action

coil to continue rotating.

Positive voltage is now applied to

Magnetic fields react again to

Commutator in Real Motor

not be able to start when the

In reality a motor will

The commutator is made so

A) To reverse the current in the coil every half-turn

B) To connect the battery to the brushes

C) To interrupt the current in a coil every half-turn

D) To reverse the magnetic field of the magnet every half-turn

would correctly describe its motion?

A) It would run smoothly at constant speed

B) It would run at a very high speed

C) It would run unevenly

D) It would run very slowly

Rotational speed can be increased or decreased by changing:

 The strength of the main magnetic field.

In a starter motor, the main magnetic field is also created by passing a

A) Magnet's magnetic field

B) Resistance of the carbon brushes

D) Number of turns of wire in the coil

Typical Starter Motor Construction

Many loops (coils) are required.

Coils are wound in slots, in

Ends of coils are

Each segment is insulated. Next >

A) To improve the conductivity of the coil

B) To keep the commutator clean

C) To keep the different coils insulated from each other

D) To allow the armature to rotate smoothly

Made from insulated wires,

Connected in pairs to provide