presented by: Ehab Abdoalgani

Introduction
 What is Ecology?
 It is the scientific study of the
relationship between organisms and
their environment.
Introduction
 Ecosystem:
 Is a biological community and all of the
non-living factors that affect it.
Food chain
 Is a simple model that shows how
energy flows through an ecosystem.
 Is one-way energy flow. Starts from
autotrophs.
 Levels of food chain:
1. Producer
2. Primary consumers
3. Secondary consumers
4. Tertiary consumers
Ecological pyramids
 Trophic level and the energy flow from
one level to the next, can be graphically
depicted using an ecological pyramids.
Ecological pyramids
Pyramid of energy
Pyramid of biomass
Pyramid of number
Pyramid of numbers

 Advantages: is a simple easy method

of giving an overview and is good for
comparing changes in population
numbers over different times or
seasons.
 Disadvantage: all organisms are
included regardless of their size.
Long term study:
 The predators and their prey.
Many thanks