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u The process of sending data electronically

from one point to another.
u Telecommunication or teleprocessing is the
process of using communication facilities such
as telephone systemand microwaves.
Elements of Data Communication:
1. Sender
2. Receiver
3. Channel

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 Forms of Data Transmission
1. Analog Data Transmission
2. Digital Data Transmission
u Analog Data Transmission is the
transmission of data in continuous
waveform.
u Digital Data Transmission is the
transmission of data using distinct on and
off electrical states.

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 4odem
u Stands for Modulation-Demodulation.
u As the telephone lines carries the data in analog
signal while the computer accepts the data in
digital(0,1) form. So the device which is called Modem
is used to convert and reconvert the signals in both
analog and digital form.
u Modulation is conversion of digital signal into analog
signal.
u Demodulation is the conversion of analog signal into
digital signal.
u The device that accomplishes both these processes is
called Modem.

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 hommunication h annel
u Channel is the medium or the pathway
through which data are transmitted
between two devices.
Types of Communication Channel
1. Wire Cable
2. Microwave
3. Fiber Optic

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 ï Wire hable
u Most common channel of data communication.
u Wire cable has two categories that is Twisted Pair Cable
and Coaxial Cable.
u Coaxial cable is categorized into Baseband and
Broadband.
u Advantages of cabling used for data communication
includes the easiest and cheapest of all the systems.
u Disadvantage is data must be transmitted in analog
form and it is difficult to create due to large distances
and barriers.

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 R 4icrowave
u |t is also analog way of communication
channel.
u The signals are transmitted through
atmosphere rather than through cables.
u Microwave signals travel in straight lines.
u Satellite system
u Compared with wire cable microwave has
lower error rate. Disadvantage is the high cost
of the satellite system and the ground system.

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 ë Fiber Optic

u |t transmit the data in digital form.

u |t uses light impulses that travel through
flexible tubing.
u Very reliable communication channel.
u They can transmit the data at very high
speed.
u |t is the most costly channel used for data
communication.
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hommunication h annel Bandwidt s
u Band width is the rate or speed at which data can be
transmitted over the channel.
u 3 bands for communication channel:
1. Narrow-Band
2. Voice-Band
3. Broad-band
u 

     transmits the data at rates

between 40bps and 100bps. E.g, telegraph line
u ü     transmits the data at rate
between 110bps and 9600bps. E.g, Telephone line
u 
      transmits the data at rate
upto several mbps.
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 4et ods of Data Transmission
1. Asynchronous Transmission
2. Synchronous Transmission
u 


 is method that sends one character
at a time.
u Transfer of data is controlled by start bits and stop bits.
u Less expensive methods and is often used in low speed transmission.
u 


 blocks of characters are transmitted
in sequence.
u |t does not contain start and stop bit but each block of characters is
marked with synchronization characters. |t is much faster and is
commonly used for faster voice-band and broad-band channels.

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 4odes of Data Transmission
1. Simplex
2. Half-Duplex
3. Full-Duplex
u |n   data can be transmitted only in one
direction.
u |n †  ¢  sending and receiving of data
takes place but not at the same time.
u |n  ¢  the sending and receiving of
data takes place simultaneously.

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 _etwork Topology
u The arrangement or layout of computers,
cables and other components on network.
u The topologies are the standard term that
most network professionals use when they refer
to the network basic design.
u Four topologies are:
1. Star
2. Ring
3. Bus
4. Tree

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 ï Star Topology
u Consists of several devices connected to centralized component called hub.
u Data is transmitted from sending computer through the hub to all computers
on the network.
u |t offers centralized resources and management.
u However because each computer is connected to central point, this topology
requires a great deal of cable in large network installation. Also if central
point fails the entire network goes down.
u |f one computer or the cable that connects it to the hub, fails on star networks,
only failed computer will not be able to send or receive network data. The rest
of the network continuous to function normally.
  
u Easy to modify and add new computers.
u Centralize monitoring and management
u Failure of one computer does not affect rest of the network.
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|f centralized point fails, network fails.

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 R Ring Topology
Ring topology connects computer on a single circle of cable.
There are no terminated ends.
The signal travel around the loop in one direction and passes through
each computer.
Each computer acts like a repeater to boost the signal and send it to
the next computer.
Because the signal passes through each computer so the failure of
one computer can impact the entire network.
  
Equal access for all computers
Performance is good despite of many users.
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Failure of one computer can impact the rest of the network.
Problems are hard to isolate.
Network reconfiguration disrupts operation.

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 ë Bus Topology
This topology connects each computer or station to single cable.
At each end of the cable is a terminating resistor or terminator.
A transmission is passed back and forth along the cable, past the station and between
the two terminators, carrying a message from one end of network to the other.
As the message passes each station, the station checks its destination address.
|f the address in the message matches the station·s address, the station receives the
message.
|f the address does not match, the bus carries the message to the next station and so
on.
  
Economical use of cables.
Media is inexpensive and easy to work with.
Simple, reliable and easy to extend.
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Network can slow down in heavy network traffic.
Problems are difficult to isolate.
Cables break can affect many users.

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 [ Tree Topology
u |t links computers in hierarchical fashion
and require data to flow through the
branches.
Advantages:
1. Functional groups can be created.
2. |f one group stop functioning the other
perform.
Disadvantages:
1. Data movement is slow.
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 Types of _etwork
Three Networks
1. LAN
2. WAN
3. MAN
4. Distributed Data Processing

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 ï LA_ (Local Area _etwork)
|t is digital system of hardware, software and communication channels that
connect devices on the same premises such as suite of offices.
Computers connected in geographical close network such as in the same
building, campus or office.
LAN connects many different types of intelligent equipment into common
network.
|t generally consists of groups of micro computers located at different
workstations within the same site.
Network user can run centrally located software, access data files etc., on the
main disk units through their individual terminals.
Users on network can share the peripherals such as printers, scanners and
communication links etc.
These peripherals are under the control of another computer called network
server or file server.
|n LAN, the workstations are connected to server by means of Bus.
Devices on LAN have Peer-to-peer relationship in which all of them have equal
status where a central computer controls all the other devices on the network.

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 R WA_ (Wide Area _etwork)
|t is digital communication system capable of
interconnecting large number of computers, terminals
and other peripherals devices to communicate with
each other nationwide or world wide.
All the hardware are commonly linked with telephone
lines.
Medium of transmission in this setup can be satellite or
microwave depending upon the requirement.
Methods which are used to move data through WAN
are:
1. Circuit Switching
2. Message Switching
3. Packet Switching

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ë 4A_ (4etropolitan Area _etwork)
This type of network is larger than LAN but smaller than
WAN and is limited to town or city.
A MAN (like a WAN) is not generally owned by a single
organization. The MAN, its communications links and
equipment are generally owned by either a consortium
of users or by a single network provider who sells the
service to the users. This level of service provided to each
user must therefore be negotiated with the MAN
operator, and some performance guarantees are
normally specified.

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 [ Distributed Data Processing
|t is a concept of dispersing computers, devices,
software and data connected by communication
channels into areas where they are used.
Advantages:
1. Cost Efficiency
2. User control of computer facilities
3. Shared Resources
Disadvantages:
1. Loss of management control
2. Redundancies of resources and data
3. Compatibility problems
4. Unskilled users
5. Support difficulties

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