Unit 3
Caregiver’s reaction/response to
infant’s behavior influences
infant’s behavior
Turn-taking
Responding to infant as a
communicating/feeling person
Mirroring infant
Definition of Extension:
When a caregiver does more than expand the child’s utterance by
providing a more syntactically accurate model and additional semantic
information
Parents talked more to 1st born, than to others, particularly to 1st born
males
Parents of children with autism talked less the more severe the
symptoms were
The more adult words children were exposed to, the higher the
language scores a year or more later
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LENA Foundation Study: Summary
• There is great variability in parent talk, but tend to be either high or
low talker.
• There are peak talking times and low talking times throughout the
day. (both Spanish- and English-speaking)
• Classifying by function can take into consideration single words and nonlinguistic
utterances.
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From Anderson & Reilly (2002)
Brown’s Stages
Stage model of grammatical development:
• 1-5 yrs
• 5 stages
• Mean length of utterance (MLU)
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Brown’s Stages
Stage/Description Age Range (mos) MLU
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Free Morphemes
Free morpheme: Stands alone. Is a single word. Exists by
itself as a unit of meaning.
cup
table
book
in
window
coffee
sauce
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Bound Morphemes
Bound morpheme: Unit attached to words that adds information to the meaning. Can be derivational or
inflectional.
Inflectional: May only be a suffix. Changes meaning of word by marking grammatical meaning.
Marks syntax such as: plural, possession, and verb tense.
Derivational: May be a prefix or a suffix. The addition of the grammatical marker changes the class or
category of the word. i.e., slow vs slowly.
Examples:
desks
played
buyers
happiest
unhappier
distrustful
pumpkin
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Morpheme Search
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Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
Mean length of utterance Examples:
(MLU) - average # of units of
meaning expressed in I go
utterances across a sample of More help
language Baby
Baby go
• Count number of morphemes Baby goes
• Count number of utterances My baby
• Divide # of morphemes by # Boots
of utterances Kitty go
This book
Up 30
Brown’s Stage One
Brown’s Stage 1: semantic Syntax: Begins with putting 2 words
roles & grammatical relations together at 18-24 months
Age range 12-26 mos
Sentences: Words arranged
MLU 1.0 - 2.0 together creating meaning greater
than the individual words. Meaning
Early Stage 1: is based on the interactive meanings
MLU 1-1.5 of words. This is based on semantic
Age 12-22 mos and grammatical relationships and
word order.
Late Stage 1: Significance of 2-word utterances
Age 22-26 mos can be considered in 3 areas:
semantic, syntactic,& pragmatic
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Examples
“Mommy Daddy.”
“Mommy book.”
“Mommy go”
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Summary – Stage 1
(12-26 mos, MLU 1-2 morphemes)
• 1st word around 12 months
• Combines words around 18 mos/@ 50 words
• Expressive vocabulary (1 word – 200-300 words)
• Initial words typically nouns
• End of stage I producing 2-word & some 3-word
utterances
• Ask questions, make statements, express negatives,
make demands
• Functions: get things done, manipulate others’
behavior, exchange info in basic conversation (early
turn-taking & presuppositional skills)
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Vocabulary
• Babbling (reduplicated & variegated)
• Contingent response
• Joint reference/attention
• Motherese/parentese/child-directed speech
• Expansion
• Extension
• Word gap
• Morpheme (free, bound, derivational,
inflectional)
• MLU