The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum
The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1

What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
 The electromagnetic spectrum is the complete

spectrum (or continuum) of all forms of “light”
 An electromagnetic wave consists of electric and

magnetic fields which vibrate - thus making waves.
 Vibrations
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What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
 The electromagnetic spectrum consists of:
 radio waves
 cell phone waves
 microwaves
 radar waves
 infrared waves
 visible light waves
 ultraviolet waves
 x-ray waves
 gamma waves

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4
Waves
 Properties of electromagnetic waves include speed,
frequency and wavelength
 Speed (s), frequency (f) and wavelength (l) are related
in the formula:
Greek word = Lambda
 s=f x l
 All light waves travel at a speed of 3 x 108 m/s in a
vacuum

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Relationship Between
Wavelength & Frequency
 All parts of the electromagnetic spectrum travel at

the same speed
 Therefore, wavelength and frequency have an
indirect relationship.
 This means that as one characteristic increases, the
other decreases
 In other words, as wavelength increases, frequency
decreases
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Relationship Between
Wavelength & Frequency
 As wavelength decreases, frequency will?

 increase
 Take note that the wavelength and frequency is

inversely proportional

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Wavelength, Frequency, Energy
 Electromagnetic wave characteristics:
• short wavelengths have a high frequency
• long wavelengths have a low frequency
 Electromagnetic waves & Energy:

• high frequency waves have high energy
• low frequency waves have low energy

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Wavelength & Energy
smaller wavelengths increasing frequency increasing energy
If you haven’t already, sketch this drawing into your

notes. Don’t worry so much about the actual
wavelengths, just get the general shape and where the
various forms of light (radio, infrared, x-ray, etc) exist.
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Radio waves
 Low energy waves with longest wavelengths
 Includes FM, AM, radar and TV waves
 Wavelengths of 1 m (10 -1 m) and longer
 Low frequency
 Used in many devices such as remote control items,
cell phones, wireless devices, etc.

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Microwaves
 Only radio waves are longer
 Wavelength 1 x 10-1 m to 1 x
10 - 4 m (1 m to 0.001 m)
 used for communication,
medicine and consumer use
(microwave ovens)

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Infrared waves
 Invisible electromagnetic waves
that are detected as heat
 Can be detected with special
devices such as night goggles
 Used in heat lamps
 Higher energy than microwaves but
lower than visible light

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Visible Light
 The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that

human eyes can detect
 ROY G BIV (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo,

violet)
 Which color has the lowest frequency?

 red has the lowest frequency – violet the highest

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Ultraviolet waves
 Higher energy than light waves
 Can cause skin cancer and blindness in humans
 Used in tanning beds and sterilizing equipment

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X-Rays
 High energy waves
 Used in medicine, industry

and astronomy
 Can cause cancer

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Gamma rays
 Highest energy
 Blocked from Earth’s

surface by atmosphere

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Mr. & Miss Q & A
① What is the relationship between
frequency and wavelength?
② What characteristic of gamma waves

gives them their high energy?
③ What does ROY G BIV mean? What

part of the electromagnetic spectrum
does it refer to?

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Time to Think
④ Which color is more energetic, red or
yellow?
⑤ Which type of wave travels faster,

gamma or radio?
⑥ Why are microwaves more dangerous

than radio waves?

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Apply What You Know
⑦ You have just been involved
in a traffic incident that leaves
you stranded on the side of
the road. Which part of the
electromagnetic spectrum
would be of the most use to
you and why?

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I Believe ito ay science, I believe hinde siya one
word
① Frequency and wavelength are properties of waves and since speed is constant for
em waves, as frequency increases, wavelength decreases. In other words, they
have an indirect relationship.
And I Thank you!

②
③
Gamma waves get their high energy from their extremely short wavelengths (or
extremely fast frequency)
ROY G BIV stands for “red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. They
are the colors of the visible light in order of longest wavelength to shortest
wavelength.
④ Yellow is more energetic than red because it has a shorter wavelength (or larger
frequency)
⑤ Gamma waves and radio waves travel at the same speed
⑥ Microwaves are more dangerous than radio waves because they have a higher
frequency and carry more energy.

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What is the speed if a mechanical wave that
has a frequency of 0.15Hz and a
wavelength of 8.75m ?
Given: Formula:
f = 0.15 Hz (Hertz) s = f (l)
l = 8.75 m (meter) or
s= ? s=fxl

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Solution:
s = 0.15 Hz ( 8.75 m)
= 1.3125 m/s
= 1.31 m/s

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A mechanical wave with wavelength of
3.7m has a velocity of 6.86 m/s. find its
frequency.
Formula:
Given:
s = f (l)
s = 6.86 m/s (meters per second)
or
l = 3.7 m (meter) s=fxl
f= ?

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?
Formula:
r iv e
e
s = f (l)
Dor
s=fxl

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Formula: 4
1
Step # 3
2
s = f (l)
or 1 s = f (l) 1
s=fxl
l 1 1 l
s s
=f or
f=
l l
29
s
f=
l
6.86 m/s
f= 3.7 m
= 1.85 Hz
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A mechanical wave has a frequency of 1.46 Hz
and travels at a speed of 13.1 m/s. what is its
wavelength?
Formula:
Given:
s = f (l)
f = 1.46 Hz
or
s = 13.1 m (meter) s=fxl
l =?
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Quiz
½ crosswise
32
1. A sound wave with a frequency of 260 Hz has a
wavelength of 1.27 m. With what speed would you expect
this sound wave to move?
2. In general, the human ear is most sensitive to sounds
at 2,500 Hz. Assuming that sound moves at 330 m/s,
what is the wavelength of sounds to which people are
most sensitive?

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Light, Reflection, & Mirrors
35
Facts about Light
 It is a form of
Electromagnetic
Energy
 It is a part of the
Electromagnetic
Spectrum and the
only part we can
really see
Facts about Light
The speed of light, c, is constant in a vacuum.
Light can be:

• REFLECTED
• ABSORBED
• REFRACTED
Light is an electromagnetic wave in that it has wave like properties which can
be influenced by electric and magnetic fields.
The Law of “REFLECTION”
The Law of Reflection states that- " the angle of incidence
(incoming ray) equals the angle of reflection (outgoing
ray)"
The law works for FLAT, PLANE surfaces
only.
The angles are measured from a

perpendicular line to the surface called a
NORMAL.
NORMAL
Plane Mirror
Suppose we had a flat , plane mirror mounted vertically. A candle is placed 10 cm in
front of the mirror. WHERE IS THE IMAGE OF THE CANDLE LOCATED?
mirror
On the surface of the mirror?
Behind the mirror?
Object Distance, Do = 10 cm
Same side as the object?

Plane Mirror
Suppose we had a flat , plane mirror mounted vertically. A candle is placed 10 cm in front of
the mirror. WHERE IS THE IMAGE OF THE CANDLE LOCATED?
mirror Virtual Image
Object Distance, Do = 10 cm Image Distance, Di = 10 cm
Do=Di, and the heights are equal as well

Virtual Images
Virtual Images are basically images which cannot be
visually projected on a screen.
If this box gave off light, we
could project an image of this
box on to a screen provided
the screen was on the SAME
SIDE as the box.
You would not be able to project the image of the

vase or your face in a mirror on a screen, therefore
it is a virtual image.
CONCLUSION: VIRTUAL IMAGES are ALWAYS on the OPPOSITE side of

the mirror relative to the object.
Real Image
Real Images are ones you can project on to a screen.
For MIRRORS they always appear on the SAME SIDE of the mirror as the object.
The characteristics of the

image, however, may be
different from the original
object
object. These characteristics
are:
• SIZE
(reduced,enlarged,same
image size)
• POSITION (same side,
opposite side)
• ORIENTATION (right side
up, inverted)
What if the mirror isn’t flat?

Spherical Mirrors – Concave & Convex
Also called DIVERGING mirror Also called CONVERGING mirror

Converging (Concave) Mirror
A converging mirror is one that is spherical in nature by
which it can FOCUS parallel light rays to a point directly
in front of its surface. Every spherical mirror can do this
and this special point is at a “fixed” position for every
mirror. We call this point the FOCAL POINT. To find
this point you MUST use light from “infinity”
Light from an “infinite”

distance, most likely the
sun.
Converging (Concave) Mirror
Since the mirror is
spherical it technically
has a CENTER OF
CURVATURE, C. The
focal point happens to
be HALF this distance.
C
f 
2
C 2f
We also draw a line through the
center of the mirror and call it the
PRINCIPAL AXIS.
Ray Diagram
A ray diagram is a pictorial representation of how the light
travels to form an image and can tell you the
characteristics of the image.
object C f
Principal axis
Rule One: Draw a ray, starting from the top of the object, parallel to the
principal axis and then through “f” after reflection.
Ray Diagrams
object C f
Principal axis
Rule Two: Draw a ray, starting from the top of the object, through the focal
point, then parallel to the principal axis after reflection.
Ray Diagrams
object C f
Principal axis
Rule Three: Draw a ray, starting from the top of the object, through C, then
back upon itself.
What do you notice about the three lines? THEY INTERSECT

The intersection is the location of the image.
Ray Diagram – Image Characteristics
object C f
Principal axis
After getting the intersection, draw an arrow down from the principal axis to
the point of intersection. Then ask yourself these questions:
1) Is the image on the SAME or OPPOSITE side of the mirror as the object?
Same, therefore it is a REAL IMAGE.
2) Is the image ENLARGED or REDUCED?
3) Is the image INVERTED or RIGHT SIDE UP?
The Mirror/Lens Equation
Is there any OTHER way to predict image characteristics besides the ray
diagram?
One way is to use the MIRROR/LENS equation to CALCULATE

the position of the image.
1 1 1
 
f do di
General Formula
Magnification Equation
To calculate the orientation and size of the image we use the
MAGNIFICATION EQUATION.
Here is how this works:
• If we get a POSITIVE magnification, the image is
UPRIGHT.
M = - di = hi
• If we get a NEGATIVE magnification, the image is
INVERTED
• If the magnification value is GREATER than 1, the
image is ENLARGED.
do ho • If the magnification value is LESS than 1, the
image is REDUCED.
• If the magnification value is EQUAL to 1, the
image is the SAME SIZE as the object.
Using our previous data we see that our image was INVERTED, and REDUCED.
mple
exAa4.00-cm tall light bulb is placed a distance of 45.7 cm
from a concave mirror having a focal length of 15.2 cm.
Determine the image distance and the image size.
1
=
1
+
1
M = - di = hi
f d0 di
do ho
Answer: 25.00 cm & -2.22 cm ?

52
Given: Solution:
ho = 4cm
1 1 1
do = 45 cm
= +
f = 15.2 cm 15.2fcm 45dcm
0
di ?
di = ?
hi = ?
Formula: od ify
M 1 1 1
1 1 1 = +
= + 15.2 cm 45 cm di
f d0 di
and
M = - di = hi 1 1 1
+- =
do ho 15.2 cm 45 cm di
532
1 1 1
- =
15.2 cm 45 cm di

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1 1 1
- = 15.2 cm(1) - 45 cm(1)
15.2 cm 45 cm di Simplify
15.2 cm (45cm)
1
0.04 cm
= Xdi
-29.8 cm
Xdi = 25.00 cm 684
1 = -0.04 cm
di
1/x = x
or
= 0.04 cm
-1
1
0.04cm
= Xdi
Advance ka sana Mag isip
Xdi = 25.00 cm
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Given: Xdi = 25.00 cm
ho = 4cm
do = 45 cm
f = 15.2 cm
M = - 25cm
di = hi
di = ?
45cm
do 4cm
h
hi = ? o
4cm 25cm 4cm
= hi
1 45cm 4cm 1
(4cm)(25cm)
= hi
45cm

hi = -2.22 cm
56
An inverted image is magnified by 2 when the object is
placed 22 cm in front of a concave mirror. Determine the
image distance and the focal length of the mirror.
1
=
1
+
1
M = - di = hi
f d0 di
do ho
di = 44 cm f = 14.29 cm ?
57
Given: Solution:
do= 22 cm
1 1 1
M= 2
? = ? + ?
di= ? f d cm
22 d
0 i
f=?
M
2 = - di = hi
Formula:
d0 cm
22
ho
1 1 1
= +
f d0 di
M = - di = hi
do ho
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2 = di = hi
22 cm
ho

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di hi
2 = 22 cm
=
?h
o

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di
2 = 22 cm

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di 22 cm
22 cm 2 =
w
22 cm 1
1
22
o
1
x w2
d i
(22 cm) (2)
E 44
= di
di = (22 cm) (2)
di = 44 cm Step # 3
1
2

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Given: di = 44 cm
do= 22 cm
M= 2 1 1 1
di= ? = +
f 22cm 44cm
f=?
22 cm (1) + -44 cm (1) 1

= Xdi
22 cm (-44cm) f
1
--22 cm x =
0.05
-968 cm
x = 20 cm
= 0.05 cm ≈ 20 cm
63
The candle were placed at 20 cm from the plane mirror
and the result from the image is distance is 19.5 cm
were the exact focal length is 12.29cm.
a.What is the height exact height of the object on the

candle if the size of the image is 21.98cm?
b.Calculate the magnification.
20 points

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The Scientist were experimenting Laser beam at plane mirror
inside the laboratory and the image distance of the red light
were located at 35 cm and the image size is -2.50 cm.
a. Find the result of the distance of the object d o if the focal

length 14.3cm.
b. Solve for the Magnification
Given: Formula: Solution: Detailed
2 pts 2 pts 16 pts

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