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Perpajakan dan pengaruhnya terhadap perekonomian
• Tax Incidence
• The Three Rules of Tax Incidence
• Tax Incidence Extensions
• General Equilibrium Tax Incidence
• Tax Inefficiencies
• Taxation and Economic Efficiency
• Optimal Commodity Taxation
• Optimal Income Taxes
• Tax-Benefit Linkages and the Financing of Social Insurance Programs
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Dampak Perpajakan Terhadap Perekonomian
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Tax Incidence
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The Three Rules of Tax Incidence
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The Statutory Burden of a Tax Does Not Describe
Who Really Bears the Tax
Consumer tax burden = (post-tax price – pre-tax price) + per-unit consumer tax
• For producers the tax burden (harga akan relatif naik)
Producer tax burden = (pre-tax price – post-tax price) + per-unit producer tax
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Burden of the Tax on Consumers and Producers
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The Statutory Burden of a Tax Does Not Describe Who Really
Bears the Tax, and Is Irrelevant to the Tax Burden
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Gross versus After-Tax Prices
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Parties with Inelastic Supply or Demand Bear Taxes;
Parties with Elastic Supply or Demand Avoid Them
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Perfectly Elastic Demand
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Kondisi umum
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Supply Elasticities
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Tax Incidence in Factor Markets
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Hambatan untuk Penyesuaian Nilai Upah
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Impediments to Wage Adjustment
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General Equilibrium Tax Incidence
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Effects of a Restaurant Tax: A General Equilibrium
Example
Dengan asumsi kondisi elastisitas permintaan adalah elastis sempurna, maka beban
pajak ditanggung sepenuhnya oleh restaurant
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19.3
General Equilibrium Tax Incidence
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Effect of Time Period on Tax Incidence: Short Run
versus Long Run
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Effect of Tax Scope on Tax Incidence
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Spillovers between Product Markets
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Tax inefficiencies
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Tax Inefficiencies and Their Implications for Optimal
Taxation
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Taxation and Economic Efficiency: Graphical
Approach
S
• Tanpa adanya pajak:
Price per
gallon (P) 2 Harga = social marginal benefit
S = social marginal cost
1
Tax = • Pajak menyebabkan adanya
$0.50 wedge antara SMB dan SMC,
B
P2 = $1.80 mengagalkan keuntungan
E Deadweight loss, perdagangan yg optimal.
P1 = $1.50 A DWL
F D
• Unit produksi ke-90 dan 100
P3 = $1.30 C
G akan menghasilkan surplus
D1 konsumen dan produsen.
• Surplus yang tidak dimanfaatkan
0 Q2 = 90 Q1 = 100 Quantity in (foregone surplus) akibat pajak
billions of menimbulkan the deadweight
gallons (Q) loss (DWL).
• Ukuran DWL bergantung pada
elastisitas
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Elasticities Determine Tax Inefficiency
D1
0 Q2 Q1 Quantity in 0 Q2 Q1 Quantity in
billions of billions of
gallons (Q) gallons (Q)
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Elasticities Determine Tax Inefficiency
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APPLICATION: Tax Avoidance in Practice
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Determinants of Deadweight Loss
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20.1
Marginal DWL Rises with Tax Rate
S3
Price Tax =
of gas $0.10 S2
D S1
P3
B
P2 Tax =
$0.10
P1 A
DWL
C
E
D1
0 Q3 Q2 Q1 Quantity of gas
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Progressive Tax Systems Can Be Less Efficient
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Progressive Tax Systems Can Be Less Efficient:
Graphical Approach
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Governments Should “Smooth” Tax Rates Over Time
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Fundamental Issue (Recap)
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Tax-Benefit Linkages and the Financing of Social
Insurance Programs
S1 =
Taxes C SMC
G
S2
A
W1 Benefits
F
W2 B
D
E
D1 =
D2
SMB
0 L2 L3 L1 Quantity of labor (L)
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20.4
Tax-Benefit Linkages: Graphical Representation
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20.4
Perfect Linkage Eliminates the DWL
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Issues Raised by Tax-Benefit Linkage Analysis
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Finish
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