PRIHWANTO BUDI
Program Studi Apoteker
Fakultas Farmasi
Universitas Jember
MEDICATION ERROR
• Kesalahan penggunaan obat dibawah
pengawasan tenaga kesehatan
profesional yang membahayakan
kesehatan pasien
• Dapat terjadi pada semua tahap
pengobatan: prescribing, dispensing,
administering, patient compliance
• Bisa dicegah
ASPEK LEGALITAS
TAHAP PENGOBATAN
DOKTER FARMASIS
PRESCRIBING DISPENSING
Px
PERAWAT
ADMINIS TERING
‘RESEP’ ?
BAHASA RESEP
• Sedapat mungkin gunakan Bahasa Latin
– Statis, tidak berkembang lagi, tidak muncul
kosakata baru
– Bahasa internasional dalam profesi
kedokteran dan kefarmasian
– Tidak menimbulkan dualisme tentang bahan
atau zat
• Hindari penggunaan bahasa lokal
GOOD PRESCRIBING
RESEP PENUHI PERSYARATAN 3C
CLEAR, CORRECT, COMPLETE
OBAT ‘LASA’
• Look Alike, kemiripan:
- Tulisan
- Bentuk Sediaan
• Sound Alike, kemiripan:
- Bunyi Bacaan
LOOK ALIKE
Slips
Error in
Execution
LOOK ALIKE SOUND ALIKE
LOOK ALIKE
Obat dg Tulisan Latin Mirip
Nama Obat - Ket Nama Obat - Ket
ACITRAL - Antasida ACIFAR - Antiviral
ARTRILOX - Meloksikam ARTRIOX - Glukosamin com
BATRAFEN - Anti fungi BACLOFEN - Relaksan otot
CALDIN CALCIDIN
CEFUROXIME CEFTIZOXIME
CLAS CLIAD
CLONIDIN CLINIDAN
COMBIFLEX COMBIPLEX
CORSADRYL CORSAGYL
EFEXIN EPATIN
ESINOL ESTRIOL
ETHICOL ETHIDOL
FLAVIN FLATIN
Obat dg Tulisan Latin Mirip
Nama Obat - Ket Nama Obat - Ket
FOLAC FOLAS
HEPASIL HEPTAMIL
IMULAN IMURAN
LAPIMOX LAPIMUX
LICOKLIN LICOKLOR
MYONEP MYCAP
MOVIX MOCIX
MOLADEX MOLAPECT
PROZA PROZAC
Obat dg Tulisan Latin Mirip
Nama Obat - Ket Nama Obat - Ket
PROCARDIN PROCARDIO
RENATOR RESTOR
RULID ROLAC
SENDICOL SENSICOL
SOLANS SOLASIC
TETRIN TETRIS
THYAMIN THYRAMIN
ULTILOX VITALEX
ZOMETA VOMETA
DLL - DLL
COMPLETE
KELENGKAPAN RESEP
(SK Menkes RI No. 26/Menkes/Per/1981):
• NAMA, ALAMAT (TELPON) PENULIS RESEP, NOMOR
IJIN PRAKTEK
• TANGGAL PENULISAN
• R/, NAMA OBAT, DOSIS, JUMLAH
• INSTRUKSI
• NAMA, ALAMAT, UMUR PASIEN
• TANDA TANGAN / PARAF PENULIS RESEP
• TANDA SERU DAN PARAF UNTUK R/ YANG > DM
COMPLETE
KELENGKAPAN RESEP WHO:
• INSCRIPTIO
- Nama, alamat, telepon dokter, SIP, hari praktek,
tanggal penulisan resep, tanda R/
• PRAESCRIPTIO
- Nama obat, bentuk sediaan, dosis dan jumlah
• SIGNATURA
- Aturan pakai (S), nama pasien (Pro ...), Identifikasi Px:
nama, alamat, umur, berat badan
• SUBCRIPTIO
- Tanda tangan atau paraf dokter
Name and address of the
prescriber
• With telephone if posssible
• Usually pre-printed on the form
• If the pharmacist has any questions about
the prescription (s)he can easily contact
the prescriber
u/ konfirmasi, ketepatan dan kecepatan
pelayanan farmasi
Hindari blangko resep kosongan atau
saling pinjam blangko resep
Date
• Validity of a praescription has no time limit
• Usually, pharmacists do not give out drugs
on prescriptions older than three to six
months
u/ hindari penggunaan obat yang tidak sesuai
dengan kondisi pasien saat diperiksa
u/ hindari penyalahgunaan resep terutama
dengan iterasi atau resep diambil sebagian
(narkotika, psikotropika)
Name of the drug
• R/ (not Rx) is derived from Recipe (take), after
this you should write the name of the drug and
the strength
• It is strongly recommended to use the generic
name, however if there is a particular reason to
prescribe a special brand, the trade name can
be added
Farmasi Klinik :’menghormati pilihan pasien’
sesuaikan dg kemampuan ekonomi, kepastian obat
Dikonsumsi penuh satu kir
Kecuali dimaksudkan sbg subsidi silang
Strength of the drug
• The strength of drugs indicates how many
milligrams each tablet, suppositoria, or milliliter
of fluid should contain.
• Internationally accepted abbreviations should be
used, try to avoid decimals and where necessary
write words in full to avoid misunderstanding.
Perlunya pedoman / kesepakatan utk panduan
penggunaan obat scr rasional
Hindari pemalsuan / penggantian tulisan resep
oleh petugas atau pasien
Gunakan tinta yg tdk mudah dihapus
Dosage form, total amount, and
information for the package label
• Only use standard abbreviations that will be known to
the pharmacist
• S stands for Signa (write), all informations following
should be copied onto the label of the package (how
much of drug is to be taken, how often, and any specific
instructions and warning).
- don,t use ‘as before’ or ‘as directed’
- ‘as recuired’ maximum/minimum dose interval should
be indicated
- some instructions for the pharmacist are written here,
but of course are not copied onto the label
Singkatan Resep Standar
• REMEDIA CARDINALE
Menyembuhkan penyebab terjadinya penyakit
• REMEDIA ADJUVANTIA
Membantu kesembuhan, obat simtomatik /
mengobati gejala
• REMEDIA CORRIGENSIA
Memperbaiki kerja obat yang diberikan
• REMEDIA CONSTITUEN
Pelarut / vehiculum
CORRECT
• Resep tidak incompatibel (ex: cream +
unguentum, suspensi + emulsi, puyer
tablet salut enterik atau sediaan khusus)
• Sediaan ada di pasaran (lihat ISO / IIMS)
• Pemilihan obat, bentuk sediaan, dan
pengaturan dosis regimen; memenuhi
kriteria rasionalitas penggunaan obat dan
tidak potensial menimbulkan Drug Related
Problem (DRP)
PENGGUNAAN OBAT
• OBAT AKAN MENDATANGKAN MANFAAT
HANYA JIKA DIGUNAKAN SECARA BENAR
• PEMBERIAN INFORMASI OBAT
MENINGKATKAN KEPATUHAN DAN
MENGURANGI KEMUNGKINAN KESALAHAN
PENGGUNAAN OBAT, MERUPAKAN
TANGGUNG JAWAB BERSAMA DOKTER –
APOTEKER, DAPAT DIBERIKAN SECARA
LISAN MAUPUN TERTULIS.
RASIONAL PENGGUNAAN
? CLEAR
? CORRECT
? COMPLETE
Verifikasi Resep
RESEP
PATIENT 29
PATIENT 29
- Boy
- 5 Years
- Pneumonia with greenish sputum
- Your P-drug is amoxycillin syrup
RESEP
PATIENT 30
PATIENT 30
- Woman, 70 years
- Moderate congestive cardiac failure, for several
years on digoxin 0.25 mg 1 tablet daily
- She phones to ask for a repeat prescription. As
you have not seen her for some time you ask
her to call.During the visit she complains of slight
nausea and loss of appetite.No vomiting or
diarrhoea.
- You suspect side effects of digoxin, and call her
cardiologist. As she has appointment with him
next week, and he is very busy, he advices you
to halve the dose until then.
RESEP
PATIENT 31
PATIENT 31
- Woman, 22 years, new patient.
- Migraine with increasingly frequent
vomiting.Paracetamol no longer effective during
attact.
- You explain to her that the Paracetamol does
not work because she vomit the drug before it is
absorbed.
- You prescribe paracetamol plus an anti emetic
suppository, metoclopramide, which she should
take first, and wait 20-30 minutes before taking
the paracetamol.
RESEP
PATIENT 32
PATIENT 32
- Man, 53 years, Terminal stage of pancreatic cancer,
confined to bed at home. You visit him once a week.
- Today his wife calls and asks you to come earlier
because he is in considerable pain. You go immediately.
- He has slept badly over the weekend and regular
painkillers are not working. Together, you decide to try
morphine for a week.
- Making sure not to underdose him, you start with 10 mg
every six hour, with 20 mg at night. He also has non
insulin dependent diabetes, so you add a refill for his
tolbutamide.
PROBLEM SOLVING
• OMISSION ERROR
• WRONG-TIME ERROR
Konfirmasi terkait jadwal dan interval /
lama terapi
• UNAUTHORIZED DRUG ERROR
Pastikan diterima oleh yg kompeten dg
pencocokan minimal dua identitas
PROBLEM SOLVING
• IMPROPER DOSE ERROR, dosis td sesuai
resep
dtd. Singkatan satuan standar, mg unit
• WRONG DOSAGE FORM ERROR, bentuk
sediaan td sesuai resep
Salep mata vs salep kulit
• WRONG DRUG PREPARATION ERROR, salah
preparasi
Ada mekanisme kontrol silang, pelayanan resep
tidak dilakukan oleh seorang petugas saja, pakai
sistem resep berjalan bukan orang berjalan,
perhatian khusus obat”LASA”
PROBLEM SOLVING
• WRONG ADMINISTRATION TECNIQUE,
salah cara pemberian
Tulis etiket obat jelas, benar,dan
komplit, KIE
• DETERIORATED DRUG ERROR, obat
rusak / ED
Perhatikan faktor instabilitas obat, Ada
mekanisme / warning sistem penjagaan
ED
OBAT HIGH ALERT
1.Benar obat
2.Benar waktu dan frekwensi pemberian
3.Benar dosis
4.Benar rute pemberian
5.Benar Identitas pasien yaitu:
• Kebenaran nama pasien
• Kebenaran nomor rekam medik pasien
• Kebenaran umur/ tanggal lahir pasien
• Kebenaran alamat rumah pasien
• Atau Nama DPJP
6. Benar informasi
7. Benar dokumentasi
REFERENSI
• Massow and R Korte, Guidelines to Rational Drug
Use, Macmillan Education, London, 1997
• WHO, Guide to Good Prescribing, Geneva, 1994
• Joenoes, Nannizar Zaman, Ars Prescribendi Resep
yang Rasional, Unair Press, Surabaya, 2004
• Lestari, Cristina Sri et all, Seni Menulis Resep, PT
Perca, Jakarta, 2004
• Tim PPOSR Dinkes Prop Jawa Timur, Panduan
PPOSR, Surabaya, 1999
• MIMS, ISO