one hr. First Design : A large steel tank operating at 30bar with a system of piping & valves controlled automatically to control oxygen. Drawback : It is costly. Second design : In the cryogenic process itself Basic Principle: The process cycle must vaporize an above average demand, they include extra vaporizer condenser capacity & the cycle include buffer ( accumulator) tank operating at cryogenic temperature. Version A: When oxygen demand is at upper limit LOX is pumped from buffer tank to the sump of upper column & vaporized in main condenser vaporizer When oxygen demand decreases LIN is pumped from LIN buffer tank to the upper reflux plate which will increase refrigeration capacity which will decrease vaporization capacity of LOX. Excess LOX produced will send to LOX buffer tank. Drawback : Buffer tanks are out side the main cold box which require extra insulation, maintenance, 24 hr successful tests were carried out. Same basic principle. Extra capacity for main condenser, LOX buffer tank & liquid air tank is supplied but a separate column. LIN is replaced by LIAR Its contents are produced by taking a portion of main process air boosting it to a high pressure & then passing through a auxiliary vaporizer. When there is need of oxygen LOX vaporized at prescribed pressure & exits the plant from main exchanger. There is a series of oxygen blows & subsequent series level variations in oxygen accumulator tank. In thermodynamics the exergy of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system in to equilibrium with a heat reservoir . Exergy is the energy that is available to be used. After the system and surroundings reach equilibrium, the exergy is zero. Determining exergy was also the first goal of thermodynamics. . Reversing exchangers can be more cost effective for smaller production rate nitrogen or oxygen plants. In plants utilizing reversing heat exchangers, the cool-down of the compressed air feed is done in two sets of brazed aluminum heat exchangers. In the "warm end" heat exchangers, the incoming air is cooled to a low enough temperature that the water vapor and carbon dioxide freeze out onto the walls of the heat exchanger air passages. At frequent intervals, a set of valves reverse the duty of the air and waste gas passages. After a passage in the heat exchanger is switched from incoming air cooling to waste gas warming service, the very dry, partially- warmed waste gas evaporates the water and sublimes the carbon dioxide ices that were deposited during the last air cooling period. These gases return to the atmosphere, and after they have been fully removed, the passage is return to incoming air cooling service