One Dimensional Transport in Laminar Flow (Shell Balance) : Unit Ii

Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
UNIT II
ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT IN LAMINAR FLOW (SHELL

BALANCE)
General method of shell balance approach to transfer problems;

Choosing the shape of the shell; most common boundary
conditions; momentum flux and velocity distribution for flow of
Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids in pipes for flow of
Newtonian fluids in planes, slits and annulus heat flux and
temperature distribution for heat sources such as electrical,
nuclear viscous and chemical; forced and free convection; mass
flux and concentration profile for diffusion in stagnant gas,
systems involving reaction and forced convection.
In fluid mechanics, it may be necessary to determine how a
fluid velocity changes across the flow. This can be done with
a shell balance.
A shell is a differential element of the flow. By looking at the
momentum and forces on one small portion, it is possible to
integrate over the flow to see the larger picture of the flow as a
whole. The balance is determining what goes into and out of
the shell. Momentum enters and leaves the shell through fluid
entering and leaving the shell and through shear stress.
In addition, there are pressure and gravity forces on the shell.
The goal of a shell balance is to determine the velocity profile
of the flow. The velocity profile is an equation to calculate the
velocity based on a specific location in the flow. From this, it is
possible to find a velocity for any point across the flow.
SHELL BALANCE
General procedure for setting up and solving momentum
balance boundary conditions for solving momentum transfer
Velocity distribution in laminar flow
The velocity distributions under laminar condition for different
types of flow condition are derived by writing the momentum
balance.
Shell momentum balance:
The shell momentum balance under steady state condition can be
written as
Rate of momentum in - Rate of momentum out + sum of
forces acting on the system = 0  (1)
Momentum transfer in due to two factors:
Due to fluid property – bulk viscosity of fluid
Due to bulk motion of fluid.
The momentum transfer due to 1st factor occurs in the direction
perpendicular to the fluid flow direction, and then the second
factor it occurs in the direction of fluid flow.
The possible forces that may act on any system:

Pressure force
Viscous force (or) shear force
Gravitational force
General procedure for setting up and solving momentum
balance:
• Write the momentum balance in the form of equation (1) for a
given shell of finite thickness.
• Let this thickness approaches zero and make use of

mathematical definitions of 1st order derivations to obtain
corresponding differential equations describing momentum flux
distribution.
• Insert appropriate Newtonian or non-Newtonian expressions for

momentum flux to obtain differential equation for velocity
distribution.
• The integration of these two differential equations (equation
from step (2) & (3)), yields momentum flux and velocity distribution
for the given system respectively, which is further useful to
calculate various other quantities such as average velocity,
maximum velocity, volumetric flow, pressure drop and forces on
the boundaries.
• In the two integrations mentioned above various constants of

integrations appears which are then evaluated by the use of
boundary conditions.
Most used Boundary Conditions
Fluid - Solid Boundary: No-slip condition, the velocity of a liquid

at a solid is equal to the velocity of the solid.
Liquid - Gas Boundary: Shear Stress = 0
Liquid - Liquid Boundary: Equal velocity and shear stress on

both liquids
In order for a shell balance to work, the flow must:
Be laminar flow

Be without bends or curves in the flow
Steady State
Have two boundary conditions
Department
Expression for Max velocity of Chemical Engineering,
& Average velocity SVCEin a flow of falling film
A fluid with constant viscosity and density flows along an inclined flat
surface under the influence of gravity with no ripples. Derive the
equations for momentum flux and velocity distribution. The film
thickness is measured away from the wall. (that is, x=0 at the wall and
x= s at the edge of the film)
Such films can be encountered with wetted-wall towers, evaporation and gas
absorption experiments and application of coatings to paper rolls. We consider
the viscosity and density of the fluid to be constant. The attention is to be
focused on a region of length ‘L’, sufficiently far from the ends of the wall such
that the entrance and exit disturbances are not included in L, that is, in this
region the velocity component vz does not depend on z.
We set up a z-momentum balance over a system of thickness ‘x’ bounded by
the planes z = 0 and z = L and extending a distance ‘W’ in the y-direction.
Department
Expression for Max velocity of Chemical Engineering,
& Average velocity SVCEin a flow of falling film
Consider the steady flowDepartment
of ofNewtonian
Chemical Engineering, SVCE with constant density
fluid
and viscosity over a flat inclined surface from a reservoir as show
in figure, our attention in focused over a region of length L where
entrance disturbance or exit disturbance are not included.
Let  - density of fluid kg/m3

 - viscousity of liquid kg/ms
L – region of length L in which the velocity profile in fully developed(or) length of
the liquid film which in under study in ‘m’.
s – Thickness of liquid film in ‘m’
W - Width of liquid film ‘m’ in ‘y’ direction.
 - angle of inclination of flat surface from the reservoir vertical wall.
xz – the ‘Z’ momentum flux at any constant position ‘x’ kg/ms2
vz – Velocity in Z direction m/s
x – small thickness of liquid film over which the momentum balance is made, ‘m’.
The steady state momentum balance over a shell of
thickness x length ‘L’ with ‘W’ can be written as,
Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + sum of

forces acting on the system = 0
Rate of momentum in across the = Momentum flux  area

surface due to bulk viscosity of fluid at x = x = xz X LW
x=x
Rate of momentum out across the

surface due to bulk viscosity of liquid xz X LW
at x = x + x = x = x
Rate of momentum in across the momentum

surface due to bulk motion of liquid = time
mass  velocity
time
den  vol  velocity
time
length  V
den  Area 
time
= den  Area  Velocity2
= AV2
Rate of momentum of
across the surface due to bulk motion of liquid
= Z=L = (Wx)v 2z Z  L
The gravitational force acting on the system = mass  gZ

= density  volume  gZ
= (LWx)g
Z
= (LWx)g cos 
Substitute all the above expression in equation (1):
0
LWxZ x  x  LWxz x  x x  Wx v 2
z Z 0

0
Wx v 2
z Z L
 (LWx)g cos  = 0
Department
The third and fourth term get of Chemical
cancelled Engineering,
because VzSVCE
is same at Z = 0 and Z = L
LWxZ x  x  LWxz x  x x  (LWx)g cos  = 0
 the above equation by LW x
 xz  xz
xx  g cos   0
x x x  x  x
 xz
x  x  xz x  x x
 g cos   0
x
 xz
x  x  xz x  x x
 g cos   0
x
Taking the limit x  0
xz xx xz
Lt x  x x
 g cos 
x 0 x
The left hand side of the above equation in the definition for 1st
order differential equation,
d( xz )
 g cos 
dx
d( xz )
 g cos 
dx
Integrating
 d( xz )  g cos  dx
xz  g cos x  C1  (2)
Boundary condition:
(i) At x = 0 xz = 0
Apply B.C at equation (2)
0  g cos (0)  C1
C1  0
xz  g cos x  (3)
Equation (3) in the expression for momentum flux distribution at any given point
‘x’ since the fluid under study in Newtonian, Newton’s law of viscosity is
applicable is given by
dv z
xz    (4)
dx
Compare equation (3) & (4) dv z
  g cos x
dx
dv z g cos x

dx 
Integrating Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
dv z g cos x
 dx

  x dx
g cos  x 2
vz    C2  (5)
 2
B.C (ii) @ x = s , vz = 0
Apply B.C in equation (5)
g cos s 2
0  C2
 2
g cos  s 2
C2   (6)
2
sub (6) in (5)
g cos x 2 g cos  s 2
vz   
 2 2
g cos 2
vz  (s  x 2 )
2
vz =
Equation (7) in the expression for velocity distribution at any given point ‘x’.
Maximum velocity:
B.C (iii) x = 0, vz = vx max
Sub B.C. in equation (7)
g cos s 2
v z max   (8)
2
Vz/Vzmax = ?
Average Velocity: Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
Average velocity is obtained by summing up all the
velocities at a particular c.s divided by the c.s. area.
w s
  v dx dy
z
 v z  0 o
w s
  dx dy
0 o
Ww
g cos 2
= 1 Ws  o 2 s (1  x 2
s 2
)dx dy
o
g cos s 2 w
 s2  3  0
 [(x  1 x3 s
] dy
2ws 0
g coss w s3

2w o  s  2 dy
3s
g coss 2s
 (y)ow
2w 3
g coss 2
 w
w 3
g cos s 2
 v z   (9)
3
Vzmax/<Vz> = ?
Volumetric flow rate:
Q = C.S. Area  average. Velocity
m3 s  m2  m s
g cos s 2
= ws 
3
g cos s 3 w
Q  (10)
3
Expression for film thickness s:  v z  3

Rearrange equation (9) & (10) for s s
g cos
or
Thickness = MFR per unit width of Film
= Qρ / W 3
s=
g cosw
Forces on the wall surface:
Fs

A
Fs  xz x s x S.A xz equation (3)
= (g cosx) x=s x(LW)
Fs  shear force, at watt so Fw
Fw  g cos s L w
Flow through a circular tube
We have to consider the steady laminar

flow of a fluid of constant density  in a very
long tube of length L and radius R; and
specify the tube to be very long because we
wish to stipulate that there are no “end
effects”, i.e. we ignore the fact that at the
tube entrance and exit the flow will not
necessarily be parallel to the tube surface.
We select as our system a cylindrical

shell of thickness r and length L and write
down the different contributions to the
momentum balance in the z-direction.
Flow through a circular tube
Consider a steady flow of a Newtonian fluid with constant viscosity
under steady state condition throw a circular tube.
Assumption made:
• The flow in laminar (i.e., NRe  2100)
• Density of fluid is constant [incompressible flow]
• The flow is independent of time. [steady state]
• The fluid is Newtonian  dv z 
 rz   dr 
• End effects are neglected [if the selection of pipe of interest

must be free from entrances and exist disturbances.]
• The fluid behaves as a continuum [fully developed flow].
• There is no slip at the wall. [Velocity of fluid at wall surfaces in
zero].
Let ‘R’ is the radius of the circular tube ‘m’.

‘L’ is the length of tube in ‘m’.
‘r’ in the thickness of the shell over which
the momentum balance is made.
‘r’ radius of the shell which is ranging from
o  R.
‘Po’ the pressure intensity at the z = 0
N/m2.
‘PL’ in the pressure intensity at Z = L.
rz in the momentum flux at any given
constant radial distance ‘r’. kg/ms2.
vz Z – component velocity m/s
Q volumetric flow rate m3/s
Department ofbalance
The steady state momentum Chemical Engineering,
overSVCEthe cylindrical shell of
thickness ‘r’ can be written as

forces acting on the system = 0 (1)
The gravitational force acting on the cylindrical
volume
Fg = mg = den  vol  g
(2rLr)g
Po  Po  gz z 0
PL  PL  gz z L
Equation (3) Z – momentum flux distribution at give radial distance ‘r’.
Since the fluid is Newtonian, Newton’s law of viscosity is applicable,
dv z
rz    (4)
dr
Compare equation (3) and (4)
dv z Po  PL r
 
dr L 2
dv z (PL  Po )r

dr 2L
Integrating (PL  Po )
 dv z  2  rd
(PL  Po ) r 2
vz   c2
2L 2
r  R, v z  0
 Po ) Rof2 Chemical Engineering, SVCE
(PL Department
0  c2
2L 2
 (P  Po ) 2 
c2    L R 
 4 
(PL  Po ) r 2 (PL  Po )rR 2
vz  
2L 2 4
(P  Po ) 2
vz  L [r  R 2 ]
4L
(PL  Po )r.R 2  r  2 
vz     1
4L  R  
(Po  PL ) 2
vz  [R  r 2 ]
4L
Po  PL 2 
 
R 1  R   (5)
2
vz  r
4L  
Equation (5) in the expression for velocity distribution, and thin
results tells that, for a steady laminar incompressible Newtonian
fluid in a circular tube follows the parabolic path.
Maximum Velocity: r = 0; vz = vz max

Then equation (5)
Average velocity:
<vz> is obtained by summing up all the velocity divided by
the c.s. area
Sub equation (5) 2 R
  v zr dr d
 v z  0 0
2 R
  r dr d
0 0
 
2 R
 Po  PL 2 
 
2
 0  4L R 1  r R  r dr d

 v z  0
 r 
2 R
2
R d
0
0
   dr d
2 R
 Po  PL  2 2
 4L R rr
R2
=  
2
0 0

0
R2
2 d
  d
2 R
 Po  PL  2
 4L  R 
2 4
2  R2
r 1 r
4
 
 0 0
R 2  0 2 
2 0
 Po  PL  2  R 2 R2 
 4L  R  2  4   0 0
2
 
2
 
R
 2
2
 Po  PL  2  2 R 2 
 4L  R  4  2 
   

2
 R2
(Po  PL )R 2
 v z   (7)
8L
Ratio of average velocity to maximum velocity
Divide equation (7) by (6)
 vz 

v z max
(Po  PL )R 2 4L

8L(Po  PL )R 2
 vz  1
 
v z max 2
Volumetric flow rate:
Q = Average velocity  c.s. Area
Q = <vz>  R2
(Po  PL )R 4
Q  (9)
8L
Expression for pressure drop per unit length:
In terms of
(i) Average velocity:
(Po  PL ) 2
 v z  R  equ (7)
8L
From (7)
Po  PL 8  v z 

L R2
Po  PL 8  v z 

 
2
L P
2
P P  PL 32  v z 
 o  2
 (10)
L L D
Equation (10) is Hagen’s poisuillie equation viscosity can be

determine using this equation (significance)
(ii) In terms of volumetric flow rate:
From (9)
(Po  PL )R 4
Q
8L
Po  PL 8Q

L R 4
8Q
=
 
4
 D
2
Po  PL 128Q

L .D 4
P Po  PL 128Q
   (11)
L L D 4
Equation (10) & (11) are known as Hagen – Poisuillie equation

The z-component forces on wetted wall surface:
Fz  rz (surface area)

rR
From equation (3) rz
 r(Po  PL ) 
Fz    ( 2 RL )
 2 L  r R
Fz  (Po  PL )R 2  (12)
Flow through an Annulus
Equation for max velocity & average velocity for a flow through an
annulus
Let us consider that an incompressible fluid
is flowing in steady state in the annular
region between co-axial circular cylinders
of radii kR and R.
Here again we set up a momentum
balance over a thin cylindrical shell. As in
the case of the flow through the circular
tube and for the Bingham flow problem the
momentum balance would result in the
same differential equation.
We select as our system a cylindrical
shell of thickness r[within the annular
space] and length L and write down the
different contributions to the momentum
balance in the z-direction
forces acting on the system = 0 (1)
The left hand side of the above equation can be written as on
differentiating
Po  PL
(rrz )  r  
d
  g 
dr  L 
d  P  PL  gL 
[rrz ]  r  o 
dr  L 
d  Po  gz z  0  [PL  gz z  0 ] 
[rrz ]  r  
dr  L 
Po  PL 
[rrz ]  r 
d
dr 
 L 

Po  Po  gz zo
PL  PL zL
Integration
Po  PL
 d(rrz)  L  rdr
Po  PL r 2
rrz   C1
L 2
Po  PL r 2 C1
rz  
L 2 r
Po and PL represents the combined effect of pressure and
gravitational force.
To apply B.C. (i) in;
Po  PL r C1
rz    (2)
L 2 r
Here the constant Department of Chemical Engineering,
of integration C1 SVCE cannot be determined
immediately, since we have no information on momentum flux at
either of fixed surfaces r = kR and r = R. But there will be a
maximum in velocity curve at some unknown plane at which
momentum flux is zero.
Let this unknown plane is located at a radial distance r = R
B.C. (1) At r = R; rz = 0
Apply B.C. (1) in equation (2)
Po  PL C
o R  1
2L R
  Po  PL  R 
C1  R  
 2L 
(Po  PL )
C1   ( R)2  (3)
2L
Sub (3) in (2)
Po  PL 1  (Po  PL )
rz  r   ( R)2 

2L r 2L 
Po  PL  ( R)2 
rz   r
2L  r  
Po  PL  R ( R) 2 
rz   r  
2L  R r 
(Po  PL )R  r  
rz 
2L   
 R 
  2 R
r 

 (4) 
Sub Newton’s law of viscosity in equation (4), to get differential
equation for velocity distribution.
dv z
rz    (5)
dr
Comparing (4) & (5)
 Po
 PL  R  r

dv z
dr

2L 
R
  2 R
r 
  (6)

 
 Po  PL  R  r   2 R 
dv z
dr

2L 
R r 
 
Integrating
(Po  PL )R  r
 dv z   2L   R
 
 2 R

r 
 dr  
vz  
(Po  PL )R  1
2L 
 R
r 2
2  2
R lnr   C  (7)

 2
We have two boundary Department of Chemicalfor
conditions Engineering,
vz SVCE
B.C. (2) at r = R; vz = 0
B.C (3) at r = kR; vz = 0
Use, B.C (2) in equation (7)
0
(Po  PL )R
2L
1

 R 
R2
2    2 R ln R   C 2


(Po  PL )R
C2   R   2 R ln R   (8)
2L  2 
Sub in (8) in (7)

vz  
(Po  PL )R  1
2L 
 R
r2
2  2
Rln r   (Po  PL )R  R   2 R ln R 

 2L  2 
(Po  PL )  R R2 r2 R 2 
vz  R  2   R ln
2
     2 R ln r 
2L  2 2R R 2 
(Po  PL ) R r2 
vz  R. 1  2  2
ln R   2  2
ln r
2L 2 
 R2 

(Po  PL ) 2
   
2
vz  R [1  r R  2 2 ln r R  (9)
4L
Value of : Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
Apply B.C (iii) equation (7)
(Po  PL )R  k 2 R 
C2     2
R ln kR   (10)
2L  2 
equation (8) - (10)
(Po  PL )R  R k2R 
0 =  2   2
R ln R    2
R ln kR 
2L  2 
R k2R 
0   2   2
R ln R    2
R ln kR 
 2 
0  
R
2 (1  K 2
)   2
R(ln 1 k)  
R (1  R 2
)   2
R (ln 1 k)
2
1  k2
 
2
2 ln 1 k
1
 1 k 2  2
    (1)
 2 ln 1 
 k 
Department of Chemical
Expression for momentum flux Engineering, SVCE
distribution and velocity
distribution:
Sub equation (11) in equation (4) and equation (9)
 Po  PL R
rz 
2L

 r
 R     R r    (4)
2
 Po  PL R  1  k2 
rz 
2L

 rR

 
2 ln 1 k
 R 
r 

 (12)
 
(Po  PL )R 2 
 R  r R    (9)
2
vz  1 r  2  2 ln
4L 

(Po  PL )R 2  1  k2 
 r R  
2
vz  1   ln r
R   (13)
4L  1
ln k 
 
v2 max: Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
B.C. (4) r =  R; vz = vz max
Po  PL  1  k2 
vz  R 1   
2 2
ln  
4L
max
 1
ln R 
 
  
1
2 
P  PL 1 k 2
1 1 k 2
1 k 2
vz  o R 2 1   ln   
max
4L  2 ln 1 k 2 ln 1  2 ln 1  

 k  k  
Po  PL  1  k 2   1  k2  
v z max  R 1 
2
 1  ln   
4L  2 ln k   2 ln 
R  
1 1
   
Average velocity:
 vz 
  v r dr d
z
  r dr d
2 R
 v
0 kR
z r dr d
= 2 R
  r dr d
0 kR
2 R
C.S. Area =   r dr d
0 kR
R
= 2  r 2 
2
  kR
=R 2 1  R 2


2 R
v r dr d
=   z
o kR
u dv
uv -  vdu
2
u  vz V = r 2
du  dv 2 dv = r dr
R
 2   v z rdr
kR
R
 r 2

  2 dv z 
2
 2  v z r
 2  kR
Tutorial
2.(b) An oil has a kinematic viscosity of 2 x 10 – 4 m2 /s and a density of 800
kg/m3. If we wish to have a falling film of thickness 2.5mm on a vertical
wall, what should be the mass rate of flow of liquid?
Ans: We know that the volumetric flow rate in the case of a plane
vertical film to be
WKT
A viscous fluid is in laminar flow in a slit formed by two parallel walls
with a distance 2B apart. The wall length is ‘L’ and width is ‘ W ’. Make a
differential momentum balance and obtain the expression for volumetric
rate of flow for the slit.
[LWxzx – LWxzx+x]+(Wxvz) (vz)z=0 – (Wxvz) ( vz)z=L +(wx)[P0 – PL] = 0

Dividing by LW x and taking limits as x tends to zero we will get the
differential equation given below
By Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Adjacent flow ofDepartment of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
two immiscible fluids
(liquid-liquid boundary)
Consider two immiscible incompressible fluids under steady state are flowing through positive
‘Z’ direction in a horizontal thin slit formed between two large parallel plates. Assume that
the fluid rates are so adjusted in such a way that the shift is half filled by (mover dense) fluid I
(more viscous fluids). And half filled by fluid II (the less dense and less viscous fluid) is desired
to analysis this system in terms of momentum flux and velocity distribution.
Let, Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
L = length of the shift
2b = gap between plates
W = width of the slit
The thickness 2b is very small and hence the system is
neglected fluids are flowing only under the influence of pressure
gradient.
The differential momentum balance over a small liquid film of

thickness of x in the system can be written as,
Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + sum of forces

acting on the system = 0
Rate of momentum in
xz xx LW
across the surface due to =
viscous transport at x = x
Rate of momentum in
across the surface due to = xz x xx
LW
viscous transport at x = x + x
Rate of momentum in
across the surface due to bulk = (Wx)v 2z z0
motion of fluid z = 0
Rate of momentum in
across the surface due to bulk = (Wx)v2z L
motion of fluid z = L
The pressure force acting
on the surface at z = 0 = Po (Wx)
The pressure force acting
on the surface at z = L = PL (Wx)
sub all above in equation (1)
0
xz xx LW  xz xxx  (Wx) v 2
2
z 0
0
 (Wx) V 2
2 z L
P
oo (Wx)  PL (Wx)  0
xz x  x x LW  xz x  x LW  Poo(Wx)  PL (Wx)
 by LWx
xz x=x+x  xz xxx (Po  PL )

x L
Lt
x 0
xz x x x  xz x x (Po  PL )


Lt x L
x 0
Differentiating d (Po  PL )
( xz ) 
dx L
(Po  PL )
dxz  dx
L
Integrating Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
(Po  PL )
xz  dx + C1  (2).
L
Thus, ‘z’ momentum flux at given radial distance ‘x’ in 2 different regions
(Po  PL )
xz 
I
x  C1I  (3)
L
(Po  PL )
xz 
II
x  CIIP  (4)
L
B.C.(i)
x = 0, xzI  xzII
(momentum fluxes are continuous along the interfaces)
Using B.C. (i)

Equation (3) and (4)
xzI  C1I  (5) xzII  C1II  (6)
From (5) and (6) we can write
C1I  C1II  C1
There (3) & (4) becomes
Po  PL
 
I
xz x  C1  (7)
L
Po  PL
xz 
II
x  C1  (8)
L
By Newton’s law of viscosity
Integrating
B.C (2) x = 0 vIz  vIIz

Apply B.C. (2) in equation (9) & (10)
Therefore equation (9) &(10) becomes
P  P C
vI2  o I L x2  I1 x  C2  (11)
2 L 
P  P C
vII2  o II L x2  II1 x  C2  (12)
2 L 
B.C. (iii) At x = -b vIz  0

B.C. (iv) x = +b v IIz  0
Apply B.C. (3) in (11)
Equation (13) – (14)

Sub (15) in (13)Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
(Po  PL )b2 (Po  PL )b2  I II 
C2  
2 L
I
2LI  I  II 
(Po  PL )b2  I  II 

C2  1  I II 
2 L     
I
(Po  PL )b 
2
 I
  II
  I
  II 
C2   
2 L 
I
I  II 
2  I 
(Po  PL )b 2 
=  I II 
2  L     
I
(Po  PL )b2  1 
C2   II 
 (16)
   
I
L
Expression for Department
momentum of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
flux:
Sub equation (15) in (2)
Plane of zero shear stress: xz  0 in equ (17)

(Po  PL )b  x 1   I  II 
0     I II 
L  b 2     
x 1  I  II 
0    I II 
b 2    
x 1  I  II 
  I II   (18)
b 2    
b  I  II 
x =  I II  .
2    
Momentum flux at wall surfaces: xz xb  in (17)
(Po  PL )b  b 1  I  II  
xz     I II  
L  b 2    
(Po  PL )b  1  I  II  
= 1   I II  
L  2    
(Po  PL )b  2(I  II )  (I  II ) 
=
L  2(I  II ) 

(Po  PL )b  2I  2II  I  II 
=
L  2(I  II ) 
(Po  PL )b  I  3II 
xz   II 
 (19)
2L     I
Sub xz xinb (17) Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
(Po  PL )b  b 1  I II  
xz     I II  
L  b 2     
Similarly
(Po  PL )b  3I  II 
xz    II 
 (20)
2L     I
Expression for velocity distribution:
Sub (15) & (16) in (11)
Department
Sub (15) and (16) in (12)of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
Momentum flux at wallDepartment
surfaces:of Chemicalxz  inSVCE
Engineering,
x b
(17)
(Po  PL )b  b 1   I   II  
xz     I II  
L  b 2     
(Po  PL )b  1   I   II  
= 1   I II  
L  2     
(Po  PL )b  2( I   II )  ( I   II ) 
=  
L  2(  I
  II
) 
(Po  PL )b  2 I  2 II   I   II 
=  
L  2(  I
  II
) 
(Po  PL )b   I  3 II 
xz   II 
 (19)
   
I
2L
Sub  xz x b in (17) Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
(Po  PL )b  b 1  I  II  
xz     I II  
L  b 2     
Similarly
(Po  PL )b  3I  II 
xz    II 
 (20)
   
I
2L
Expression for velocity distribution:
Sub (15) & (16) in (11)
(Po  PL ) 2 C1x
v 
I
x  I  C2
2L x
z I
(P  P ) (P  P )bx   I
  II
 (P  P )b 2
 1 
v I2  o IL x 2  o LI  I  II   o L
 I  II 
2L 2L   L  
(Po  PL )b 2  x 2 I  II x 1 
v 
1
  I .  I I
II 
2L      
2 I 2 II
 b b 
      2
 
2 I I II
(P P )b 2 x
v2 
I o L
   b   (21)
x
2L I
  
I II
b  I II

Sub (15) and (16) in (12)
(Po  PL ) 2 (Po  PL )bx   I   II  (Po  PL )b 2  1 
v 
II
x   II 
   I   II 
2 L 2L    
2 II II I
L  
(Po  PL )b 2  x 2 x  I   II 1 
v 
II

  2 b  I   II  2  II
.
2L II  I   II 
2

(Po  PL )b 2  2 II x  I   II 2
v2  
II

2 II L   I   II b  I   II
 
 b   (22)
x

Tutorial
Temperature distribution in solids

and in laminar flow
Shell energy balance:
At steady state the shell energy balance over a slab of

small thickness, the surface of which are normal to the direction of
heat conduction can be written as follows,
 rate of thermal 
The rate of thermal   The rate of   
  
  thermal energy out   energy production
protection   0  (1)
 energy in     inside the system 
 
The thermal energy may enter the system or leave the system by
two ways
•By the mechanism of Heat conduction.

•By virtue of overall fluid motion and thus type of transport is
sometime referred to as convective transport.
General procedure for Department
solvingof Chemical Engineering, SVCE distribution in
temperature
laminar flow:
Step 1:
A small shell of thickness is considered in the system over
which the shell energy balance in the form of equation (1) is
written
Step 2:
The thickness of the slab or shell may be allowed to
approach zero.
Step 3:
When the thickness approaches to zero, then it leads to a
first order differential equation for temperature distribution.
Step 4:
The differential equation in integrated for entire system and
the expression for temperature distribution is obtained
Heat conduction with an electrical heat source
Consider a electrical wire of radius R
and length L, with electrical
conductivity Ke (-1 m-1) through
which a current intensity Ie in
following in the given axial direction,
during this flow of current electricity
some of the electrical energy is
converted into thermal energy
through electrical dissipation. The
net rate of heat production per unit
volume of wire is given by
I2
Se 
Ke
Se = source term for the electrical heat conduction, which gives the net rate of heat
production per unit volume.
Step 5: Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
The constants of integration which appears during
integration are evaluated by the use of boundary condition.
MOST COMMONLY USED BOUNDARY CONDUCTS FOR

SOLVING HEAT CONDUCTION:
•The temperature at the surface may be specified for ex: T = T0
•The heat flux at any surface may be given as q = q0
•At solid-fluid interphase the heat flux may related to a difference
between the temperature at the interphase and that in the fluid.
q  h(Tint  Tfluid )
The above equation is also called as Newton’s law of cooling.

•At solid-solid interface the continuity of temp and the normal
component of heat flux may be the same.
Expressions for the heat flux and temperature distribution:
Assumptions made:
•The outside temp of electrical wire is maintained at a uniform
constant temp T0.
•The electrical conductivity Ke and thermal conductivity k are
assumed to be constant. The steady state shell energy balance
over a small shell of thickness r can be written as
 net rate of thermal 

Rate of thermal  Rate of thermal   
 energy in 
  energy out    energy production 0
    
 inside the system 
The rate of thermal energy
in across the cylindrical surface
surface through heat conduction = q r (2rL)
r r
@r=r
[q r (2 rL)] rr
The rate of thermal energy
in across the cylindrical surface
surface through heat conduction = [q r (2rL)] r r r
@ r = r + r
The net rate of thermal
energy production inside the = energy production volume  volume
given system Se (2rrL)
Substituting the expressions in equation (1)
(2rL)q r rr  (2rL)q r rrr  Se(2 rrL)  0

2rL
rq r r=r  rq r r r r
 Ser  0
r
Taking the limit r  0
rq r r r  rq r r r r
Lt  Ser  0
r 0 r
d
 (rq r )   S e r
dr
On integration
r2
rq r  Se  C1
2
r C
q r  Se  1  (2)
2 r
B.C. (1) qr   @ r = 0. So C1 = 0
r
q r  Se  (3)
2
Equation (3) says that heat flux qr in the linear function of radial
function r. Substitute Fourier law of heat conduction in
equation (3).
dT
q r  K  (4)
dr
Comparing (3) & (4)
dT r
K  Se
dr 2
dT Se
  r dr
dr 2k
On integration
Se r 2
T  C2
2K 2
Se 2
T r  C 2  (5)
4K
B.C. (ii) r = R, T = T0
Se 2
T0   R  C2
4K
Se 2
C2  To  R  (6)
4K
Sub (6) in (5)
Se 2 Se R 2
T r  To 
4K 4K
Se
= T0   r 2  R 2 
4K
Se
T  T0  R 2  r 2 
4K
Se 2 
 
R 1  R   (7)
2
T  T0  r
4K  
Se 2 
R 1 r R   
2
T  T0 
4K  
2 R
  (T  To )r dr d Se  R r r 
2 2 4 R
 T  T0  0 0  2 
 
2 R 2KR  2 4
  r dr d Se  R 4 R 
  
0 0
2 
2 Se 2
    r dr
R
2 2KR  2 4 
2 
= R 1 rR
R 0 4K Se  R 4 

2KR 2  4 
2 Se 2
  
R
2 
= R r  r 3 1
R r dr
R 0 4K
SeR 4
2 Se 2
R 
= 2 (R r  Rr 3 )dr 8KR 2
R 0 4K
SeR 2
 T  T0   (9)
8K
Equation (7) is the expression for temp distribution and it follows
the parabolic path with increasing radial distance from the wire
axis.
Maximum average temp distribution:
B.C. (iii) T = Tmax @ r = 0
SeR 2
Tmax  To   (8)
4K
Average temperature distribution
2 R
  (T  T )r dr d
o
 T  T0  0 0
2 R
  r dr d
0 0
2 Se 2
    r dr
R
2
R 2 0 4K
= R 1  r
R
2 Se 2
  
R
2 
= R r  r 3 1
R r dr
R 0 4K
R
2 Se 2
= 2 (R r  Rr 3 )dr
R 0 4K
R
Se  R 2 r 2 r 4 
 2 
 
2KR  2 4
Se  R 4 R 
 2 
 
2KR  2 4 
Se  R 4 

2KR 2  4 
SeR 4

8KR 2
SeR 2
 T  T0   (9)
8K
Heat conduction with a

nuclear heat source
Heat conduction with a nuclear heat source
Consider a nuclear fuel element of spherical
form as shown in figure. It consist of a sphere
of fissionable material the radius R(F)
surrounded by a spherical shell of aluminium
cladding with outer radius R(c). Inside the
fluid element fission fragments are produced
which have very high kinetics energy.
Collision between these fragments and the
atoms of fissionable material provide the
major source of thermal energy in the
reactor, such a volume source of thermal
energy resulting from nuclear fission is
denoted here as, ‘Sn’ and given as,
 
S n  S no 1  b R (F)   (1)
 2
r
 
This shows will not be uniform throughout the sphere fissionable
material, it will be smallest at the centre of sphere. In equation (1)
Sn is the source term due to nuclear heat source per unit volume.
J
m 3s
and Sno is the volume rate of heat production at the centre of the
sphere ( J m 3s ),
b – Dimensionless constant between 0  1, r  varying radial
distance 0  R(F) (or) R(F)  R(C).

 energy in 
  energy out    energy production   0  (2)
    
Subs in Energy Balance Eqn and Dividing by
Applying BC-1,
r b r3 
q(F)
r  Sn o   (F)2 .   (5)
3 R 5
B.C. (ii)
@ r =R (F) , q(c)
r  q (F)
r
C2
q (F)
r r R( F )  (F)2
R
r r3  b C2
Sn o   (F)2 .   (F)2
3 R 5  r  R( F ) k
 R (F) b R (F)  (F)2

3
Sn o   (F)2 .  R  C2 .
 3 R 5 
B.C. (ii)
R (F)3
b (F)3 
C2  Sn o   R 
 3 5 
(F)3  1 b
C2  Sn o R     (7)
3 5
(F)3 1 b 1
q (c)
r  Sno R  3  5  r 2  (8)
Sn o  R (F) b R (F) 

2 2
T(c) r R( F )  (F)   (F)2   C4

K  6 R 20 
   
2 2 2
Sn o R (F)
 
(F) (F) (F) (F)
R R Sn R bR (F)2
C 4  T0  c
1 5b 
3  (C)   (F) 
o
 r  R
3K  r R  K  6 20 
(F)2
R R  Sn o R  (F)2
bR  (F) 2
 
(F) (F)
Sn o R
C 4  T0  c
1  5 b  (F)  (C)   (F) 
3  
3K R R  K  6 20 
(F)2
 R  Sn o R  (F)2
bR 
(F)2
 
(F)
Sn o R
C 4  T0  c
1  5 b  1  (C)   (F) 
3    (15)
3K  R  K  6 20 
Sn o  R (F) r 2 b r 4 R (F)  R (F)  3   R (F) 

2 2 2
T  (F)  (F)2
(F)
 (F)2  (F)2   To  Sn o (C) 
1  b  1  (C) 
K R 6 R 20 R  3K  5   R 
Sn o  R (F) b (F)2 6 
2
+ (F)  (F)  R  
K  K 20 6 
 
Sn R (F)2
 2
3  r  R (F)2
 3   R (F)

T  To 
(F) o
1  R (F)  b  1  (F)   Sn o
r
(c) 
1  b   1  (c)    (16)
6K (F)
 10  R  3K  5   R 
Maximum temperature rise:
T(F)  Tmax @ r  0
sub in (16)
Sn o R  3b  Sn o R  3   R (F) 
(F)2 (F)2
Tmax  To  1   1  b  1  (c) 
6K (F)
 10  3K (c)
 5  R 
Expressions for heat flux of temperature distribution:
The fissionable materials.
Consider a spherical shell of thickness r within the sphere

of fissionable material and thermal energy balance over this
shell is,

 energy in 
  energy out    energy production   0  (2)
    
Rate of thermal energy

in across the spherical = heat flux  S.A
surface r = r
= q(c) 4 r 2

 r r r
Rate of thermal energy
 q
=  r
(c)
4 r 2
 r r r
in across the spherical
surface r = r + r
substituting above equation in (2)
q(c)
r 4 r 2
 r r q(c)
r 4 r 2
 r r r = 0
-
4r
r 2 q(c)
r r r  r q r r r r  0
2 (c)
Take, Lt
r 0
Lt r q 2 (c)
r r r r q 2 (c)
r r  r r 0
r 0
Diff
 r qr   0
d 2 (c)
dr
r  C2
r 2 q (c)
C2
r 
q(c) 2
 (6)
r
r  qr
B.C. (ii) @ r =R (F) , q(c) (F)
C2
q (F)
r r R( F )  (F)2
R
r r3  b C2
Sn o   (F)2 .   (F)2
3 R 5  r  R( F ) k
 R (F) b R (F)  (F)2

3
Sn o   (F)2 .  R  C2 .
 3 R 5 
Thus C2,
 R (F) b (F)3 
3
C2  Sn o   R 
 3 5 
(F)3  1 b
C2  Sn o R     (7)
3 5
Sub (7) in (6)
(F)3 1 b 1
q (c)
r  Sno R  3  5  r 2  (8)
Department
Expression for temp rise of Chemical Engineering,
distribution theSVCE
sphere of Al cladding:
The Fourier law of conduction, for sphere of Al cladding is written

dT
q ( t)
r  K c
 (9)
dr
Compare equation (8) & (9)
dT (T)  1 b 1
K  Sn o R    2
c
dr 3 5  r
3
(c) (F)
K c
dT Sn
 o
R 1  3 6  1
dr 3  5  r 2
(r) (F)( 3)
dTc

Sn o R 1  3 6    1   C
dr 3K(c)  5   r  3
(F)( 3)
T (c)

Sn o R
3K(c)  5 r  
1  3 6 1  C   (10)
3

B.C.(iii) R(C), T(C) = T0
(F)3
To  Sno R  3  1 
C3   1  b  (c)   (11)
3.PL  5  R 
Sub (11) in (10)
 1R 
(F)3
 3 
3
  
(F)
Sn o R Sn R
T (c)
 1  6 1 r  To 
o
  1 3 5b (c)
3K (c)  5 3R c

(F)3
 
 
(F) (F)
Sn o R R R
T (c)
 To  1 5b 
3  (c)   (12)
3K (c)  r R 
Expression for temp rise distribution inside the sphere of
frictionable material
r b r3 
q(F)
r  Sn o   (F)2 .   (5)
3 R 5
The Fourier law of heat conduction
(F)
dT
q(F)
r  K(F)  (13)
dr
Compare (13) & (5)
dT (F)
 r b r 3

K (F)
 Sn o   (F)2 . 
dr 3 R 5
 Sn  r 2
b r 4

T  (F)   (F)2 .   C4  (14)
(F) o
K 6 R 20 
B.C.(4) r = R(F) ; T(F)  T(C) r R( F)
Sub B.C. (4) in (14)
Sn o  R (F) b R (F) 

2 2
T(c) r R( F )  (F)   (F)2   C4

K  6 R 20 
(F)2
   
2 2
 
(F) (F) (F) (F)
Sn o R R R Sn R bR (F)2
C 4  T0  1 5b 
3  (C)   (F) 
o
 r  R
3K c  r R  K  6 20 
(F)2
R R  Sn o R  (F)2
bR  (F) 2
 
(F) (F)
Sn o R
C 4  T0  1  5 b  (F)  (C)   (F) 
3  
3K c R R  K  6 20 
(F)2
 R  Sn o R  (F)2
bR 
(F)2
 
(F)
Sn o R
C 4  T0  1  5 b  1  (C)   (F) 
3    (15)
3K c  R  K  6 20 
 R (F) b r 4 R (F)  R (F)  3   R (F) 
2 2 2
Sn r2
T(F)
 (F)o
 (F)2  (F)2  (F)2   To  Sn o (C) 
1  b  1  (C) 
K R 6 R 20 R  3K  5   R 
Sn o  R (F) b (F)2 6 
2
+ (F)  (F)  R  
K  K 20 6 
 
Sn R (F)2
 2
3  r  R (F)2
1  3 b   1  R    (16)
(F)
T(F)  To  o (F) 1  r (F)  b  1  (F)   Sn o  5   (c)  
6K 
R 10  R  3K (c)
 R 
Maximum temperature rise:
T(F)  Tmax @ r  0
sub in (16)
Sn o R  3b  Sn o R  3   R (F) 
(F)2 (F)2
Tmax  To  1   1  b  1  (c) 
6K (F)
 10  3K (c)
 5  R 
Temperature distribution for heat conduction
with a viscous heat source
Consider the flow of a Newtonian incompressible fluid between two co-axial
cylinders in which the outer one rotates with an angular velocity. As the outer
cylinder rotates, each cylindrical shell of fluids rubs against an adjacent shell of
fluids. Thin rubbing action of adjacent layers of fluid produces heat (i.e.) the
mechanical energy in steadily degraded into thermal energy in volume heat
source resulting from viscous dissipation in designated here as Sv. The
temperatures of inner of inner cylinder & outer cylinder maintain at temp’s T = To
& T = Tv respectively.
If the gap ‘b’ between the cylinders in very small with respect to the outer
cylinder radius ‘R’, then the system may be curvature effects are in figure in
which the curvature effects are neglected and the problem is simplified by
using cartesian co-ordinates.
The volume heat source forDepartment
viscousof heat
Chemicaldissipation
Engineering, SVCE
is given as,
 dv z 
S v  xz    (1)
 dx 
W.K.T from Newton’s law of viscosity
dv z
xz    (2)
dx
dv x v
  (5) sub (5) in (3)
dx b
2
S v      (6)
V
b
 dv 
S v    z   (3)
 dx 
The energy balance for a rectangular slab of thickness x, length L,
width W can be written as follows
 Rate of thermal 

 energy in   energy out    energy production   0  (7)
    
This quantity can now be inserted into the energy balance equation. A thermal
energy balance over a shell thickness x, width W and length L gives for the
steady state:
It is to be noted that both ‘in’ and ‘out’ are taken in +x direction, even though in
this problem is flowing in the –x direction in part of the system. Division by W L
x and letting x  0 gives:
Which on integration gives for constant 
We do not have any information about the heat flux at any value of x, C1 cannot
be determined at this stage. Insertion of fourier’s law into Eqn.[6] then gives
in which k is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. Eqn.[7] may be integrated

with respect to x to give (for constant k)
Let us consider the flow of an incompressible Newtonian Fluid between two
co-axial cylinders as shown in Figure below. The inner cylinder is stationary.
As the outer cylinder rotates, each cylindrical shell of fluid rubs against an
adjacent shell of fluid. This rubbing together of fluid produces heat.
In Steady state laminar flow the fluid moves in a circular pattern, and the
velocity components vr and vz are zero. There is no pressure gradient on
the -directon. We make these statements on physical grounds. For this
system all the terms of equation of continuity as written in cylindrical co-
ordinates are zero, and the equation of motion reduces to:
The volume heat source resulting from this ‘viscous dissipation’ we designate by
Sv. Its magnitude depends on the local velocity gradient: the more rapidly two
adjacent layers move with respect to one another, the greater will be the viscous
dissipation heating. The surfaces of the inner and outer cylinders are maintained
at T = T0 and T = Tb, respectively. Clearly T will be a function of r alone.
If the slit width b is small with respect to the radius R of the outer cylinder,
then the problem may be solved approximately by using the somewhat
simplified system as shown in the figure right side above, that is we ignore
curvature effects and solve the problem in Cartesian co-ordinates. For this
modified problem, the viscous heat source is given by:
We shall accept this expression at this point. For the steady laminar flow of
a fluid with constant viscosity in a slit, as shown in the above figure, the
velocity profile is linear.
So that the rate of viscous heat production per unit volume is
This quantity can now be inserted into the energy balance equation. A thermal
energy balance over a shell thickness x, width W and length L gives for the
steady state:
Department
The two integration constants C1of Chemical
& C2Engineering, SVCE
are determined from the boundary
conditions:
B. C. 1 at x = 0, T = T0 --- [9] and B. C. 2 at x = b, T = Tb
On determining of the constants and substituting back into Eqn.[8] on can

obtain
Equation for the rate of mass transfer in respect of ‘diffusion through a
stagnant film’
Consider the diffusion system shown in Fig. Liquid A is evaporating into gas B,
and we imagine that by some means the liquid level at z=z1, is maintained
constant. Right at the Liq-gas interface the gas phase concentration of A,
expressed as mole fraction is xA1. This is taken to be the gas phase
concentration of A corresponding to equilibrium with the liquid at the interface: i.
e., xA1 is the vapour pressure of A divided by the total pressure, [PA(vap) /P],
provided that A and B form an ideal gas mixture. It is to be further assumed that
the solubility of B in A is negligible.
At the top of the tube (at z = z2) a stream of gas mixture A-B of concentration
XA2 flows past slowly; thereby the mole fraction of A at the top of the column is
maintained at xA2. The entire system is presumed to be held at constant
temperature and pressure. Gases A and B are assumed to be ideal.
When this evaporating system attains steady state, there is a net motion of A
away from the evaporating surface and the vapour B is stationary. Hence we
can use the expression for NAz as given in the general molar flux equation
with NBz =0 :
NAz = -c DAB( xA / z) + xA(NAz + NBz)
Becomes NAz = - c DAB (1 – xA) ( xA / z) ----[1]
A mass balance over an incremental column height z states that at steady state:
S NAz|z - S NAz|z+ z = 0 ----- [2]
In which S is the cross sectional area of the column. Division by S z and taking
limit as z  0 gives
(dN Az / dz) = 0 ------ [3]
Substitution of Eqn[1] into Eqn[3] gives:
(d/dz) {[c DAB /(1- xA)](xA / z)} = 0 ---- [4]
For ideal gas mixtures at constant temperature and pressure, c is a constant and
DAB is very nearly independent of concentration. Hence Eqn. [4] becomes:
(d/dz) {[1/(1- xA)](xA / z)} = 0 ---- [5]
This is a second order differential equation for the concentration profile

expressed as mole fraction of A. Integration with respect to z gives:
{[1/(1- xA)](xA / z)} =C1 ---- [6]
A second integration then gives:

- ln(1- xA) = C1 z + C2 ---- [7]
The two constants of integration may be determined using the boundary
conditions:
B.C.1: at z = z1, xA = xA1 ---- [8] ;
B.C.2: at z = z2, xA = xA2 ---- [9]
On substituting the expressions for the integration constants the following

expression for the concentration profile is obtained:
Concentration profileDepartment
in the of Chemical Engineering, SVCE
gas film for diffusion with
heterogeneous chemical reaction.
Consider a catalytic reactor, such as that shown in figure below, in which the
dimerization reaction 2A  A2 is being carried out. This system is highly
complex in nature and it can not described exactly by a theoretical
development. Some information could be gathered about the ehavior of the
system by analyzing a highly simplified model.
Departmentreactor
Schematic diagram of a catalytic of Chemical
inEngineering,
which ASVCE is being converted into A2
and Idealized picture (model) of the diffusion problem near a catalyst particle – i.
e. enlargement of of the dotted region in the figure.
For example, we can imagine that each catalyst particle is surrounded by a
stagnant gas film through which a has to diffuse in order to arrive at the catalytic
surface. At the catalyst surface we presume that the catalytic reaction A A2
occurs instantaneously and that the product then diffuses back out through the
gas film to the main turbulent gas stream composed of A and A2. We then seek
an expression for the local rate of conversion from A to A2 when the effective gas
film thickness ‘  ’ and the mail gas stream compositions xA0 and xA2 0 are
known. We assume that the gas film is isothermal, although in many catalytic
reactions the heat generated by the reaction cannot be neglected.
For this above modeled situation, there will be one mole of A2 moving in the
negative z-direction for every two moles of A moving in the +ve z-direction.
Hence we can write at steady state:
NA2,z = - ½ Na,z ---- [1]
At any value of z. This relation an be substituted into the general diffusion
equation
NAz = -c DAB( xA / z) + xA(NAz + NBz) and get
NAz = - [c DAA2/(1 – ½ xA)] ---[2]
We thus see that the law of diffusion and the stoichiometry of the reaction have
led us this expression for NA z in terms of the concentration gradient. Let us noe
make a mass balance on species A over a thin slab of the gas film of thickness
z. The usual procedure of taking limits etc will yield:
Department
dN of/ Chemical
dz = Engineering,
0 --- [3]SVCE
Az
Insertion of expression for the flux written as equation [2] above we have: for
constant c and DAB .
(d/dz) {[1/(1 – ½ xA)] (dxA/dz)} = 0 --- [4]
On integration twice with respect to x, we get:

-2 ln (1 – ½ xA) = C1 z + C2 ------ [5]
We can evaluate the constants of integration using the boundary conditions:
B. C. 1: at z= 0, xA = xA 0 ---- [6]
B.C. 2: at z =  , xA = 0 ---- [7]
The final result will get into the form below for the concentration profile.
(1 – ½ xA) = (1 – ½ xA0)[1 – (z/)] ------ [8]
The molar flux through the film can be obtained from Eqn.[2] as follows:
NAz = [(2 c DA A2/ ) ln[1/(1 – ½ xA0)] -----[9]
NAz can also be interpreted as the local rate of dimerization per unit area of
the catalytic surface. This information together with the reactor particulars
can be used to obtain information about the over-all conversion rate in the
entire reactor. It may be emphasized that although the chemical reaction
occurs instantaneously at the catalytic surface, the conversion of A to A2
proceeds at a finite rate only because of the diffusion process which is “in
series” with the reaction process. Hence we call the conversion of A to A2 as
being diffusion controlled

One Dimensional Transport in Laminar Flow (Shell Balance) : Unit Ii

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One Dimensional Transport in Laminar Flow (Shell Balance) : Unit Ii

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Department of Chemical Engineering, SVCE

ONE DIMENSIONAL TRANSPORT IN LAMINAR FLOW (SHELL

General method of shell balance approach to transfer problems;

The possible forces that may act on any system:

• Let this thickness approaches zero and make use of

• Insert appropriate Newtonian or non-Newtonian expressions for

• In the two integrations mentioned above various constants of

Fluid - Solid Boundary: No-slip condition, the velocity of a liquid

Liquid - Gas Boundary: Shear Stress = 0

Liquid - Liquid Boundary: Equal velocity and shear stress on

In order for a shell balance to work, the flow must:

Be laminar flow

Let  - density of fluid kg/m3

Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + sum of

Rate of momentum in across the = Momentum flux  area

Rate of momentum out across the

Rate of momentum in across the momentum

The gravitational force acting on the system = mass  gZ

Substitute all the above expression in equation (1):

 the above equation by LW x

Expression for film thickness s:  v z  3

We have to consider the steady laminar

We select as our system a cylindrical

• End effects are neglected [if the selection of pipe of interest

Let ‘R’ is the radius of the circular tube ‘m’.

Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + sum of

Maximum Velocity: r = 0; vz = vz max

Equation (10) is Hagen’s poisuillie equation viscosity can be

Equation (10) & (11) are known as Hagen – Poisuillie equation

Fz  rz (surface area)

From equation (3) rz

Sub in (8) in (7)

[LWxzx – LWxzx+x]+(Wxvz) (vz)z=0 – (Wxvz) ( vz)z=L +(wx)[P0 – PL] = 0

The differential momentum balance over a small liquid film of

Rate of momentum in – Rate of momentum out + sum of forces

sub all above in equation (1)

xz x x x  xz x x (Po  PL )

Using B.C. (i)

B.C (2) x = 0 vIz  vIIz

B.C. (iii) At x = -b vIz  0

Equation (13) – (14)

(Po  PL )b2  I  II 

Plane of zero shear stress: xz  0 in equ (17)

Temperature distribution in solids

At steady state the shell energy balance over a slab of

•By the mechanism of Heat conduction.

MOST COMMONLY USED BOUNDARY CONDUCTS FOR

The above equation is also called as Newton’s law of cooling.

 net rate of thermal 

Substituting the expressions in equation (1)

(2rL)q r rr  (2rL)q r rrr  Se(2 rrL)  0

Comparing (3) & (4)

Heat conduction with a

 net rate of thermal 

 R (F) b R (F)  (F)2

Sn o  R (F) b R (F) 

T(c) r R( F )  (F)   (F)2   C4

Sn o  R (F) r 2 b r 4 R (F)  R (F)  3   R (F) 

Maximum temperature rise:

Consider a spherical shell of thickness r within the sphere

 net rate of thermal 

Rate of thermal energy

substituting above equation in (2)