BNJ 20903

Lecture #08
By,
Dr. Noraini Marsi
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
 Chapter IV
Strain Energy
• Strain energy in
– deflection and
– torsion,
• Strain energy per unit area,
• Theorem of Castigliano’s
• Impact load.
 Topics
• Introduction to work and energy
• Strain Energy under
– Normal Stress
– Bending Moment
 Work and Energy
F

Consider a solid object acted upon by force, F,

at a point, O, as shown in the figure.

F Let the deformation at the the point be

infinitesimal and be represented by vector dr,
dr as shown.
The work done = F dr
y F For the general case:
dx W = Fx dx
x i.e., only the force in the direction of
z
the deformation does work.
 Amount of Work done
Constant Force: If the Force is constant, the work is simply the
product of the force and the displacement, W = Fx
F

x Displacement

Linear Force: If the force is proportional to the displacement, the

work is 1
W Fo xo
2
Fo
F

Displacement
xo x
 Strain Energy
x
F

Consider a simple spring system, subjected to a Force

such that F is proportional to displacement x; F=kx.
Now determine the work done when F= Fo, from before:
1
W  Fo xo
2
This energy (work) is stored in the spring and is released
when the force is returned to zero
 Strain Energy for Normal Stress
y Consider a cube of material acted upon by a
x force, Fx, creating stress x=Fx/a2
causing an elastic displacement,  in the x
direction, and strain εx=/a
dFx   x dA   x dzdy
a x d  dx

1 1
dU u  1 dVdF 1
d   x dzdydx
2
  * dV
V
22 V
2 E 2
y 1
  xdV
dv 2

For the whole body, the strain energy is

dz
dx as /E=ε
x
 For a linear elastic material
Stre ss (M Pa )  500

CONTINUED
400

300

200
u=1/2(300)(0.0015) N.mm/mm3
u =0.225 N.mm/mm3
100

0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Strain
 Elastic-perfectly plastic material
500
Stress (M Pa ) 

CONTINUED
400

300
u=1/2(350)(0.0018)
200 +350(0.0022)
=1.085 N.mm/mm3
100

0
0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010
Strain
STRAIN ENERGY DENSITY
By dividing the strain energy U by the volume V = AL,
 Modulus of Toughness
The value of strain-energy
density obtained by setting
ԑ1 = ԑR , where ԑR is the
strain rupture.

It is equal to the area

under the entire stress-
strain diagram and
represents the energy per
unit volume required to
cause the material to
rupture.
 Modulus of Resilience
If the stress σx remains within the proportional limit of the material, Hooke’s
law applies and we write

Sustituting for σx , we have

Then, we get

By setting σ1 = σY or yield strength,

is called modulus of resilience of
the material. We have,

This modulus is equal to the area

under the straight-line portion OY
of the stress-strain diagram and
represents the energy per unit
volume that the material can absorb
without yielding.
 Shear Strain Energy
y
Consider a cube of material acted upon by a
dy shear stress,xycausing an elastic shear strain
xy
1
dz dU   xy dxdz xy dy
dx x 2
y 1
dU   xy xy dV
xy 2

1  2 xy
x U    xy xy dV   dV
xy v
2 v
2G
xya
Considering the whole body
Total Strain Energy for a Generalized State of Stress
Strain Energy For Axially Loaded Bar
L 
F FL
 axial  ;   ;
A F A AE
2
1 F L
U  F 
2 2 AE

F= Axial Force (Newtons, N)

A = Cross-Sectional Area Perpendicular to “F” (mm2)
E = Young’s Modulus of Material, MPa
L = Original Length of Bar, mm
Comparison of Energy Stored in Straight and
Stepped bars
L/2 L/2 b
L a

A F nA A F

2 F 2L / 2 F 2L / 2
(a) U  F L (b) U 
2 AE 2 AE 2nAE
F 2L 1 n 
  
2 AE  2n 
3 F 2L
Note for n=2; case (b) has U= which is 3/4 of case (a)
4 2 AE
 Problem 1
One of the two bolts need to support a sudden tensile loading. To choose it is
necessary to determine the greatest amount of strain energy each bolt can absorb.
Bolt A has a diameter of 20 mm for 50 mm length and a root diameter of 18 mm
for 6 mm length. Bolt B has 18 mm diameter throughout the length. Take E = 210
GPa and y= 310 MPa.
Solution
 Strain Energy due to Bending Moment
• For an axi-symmetric beam, if the internal moment is
M , then the normal (bending ) stress developed is given
by the flexural formula,  =My/I
• The strain energy is then given by
2
12 1  My 
u dV     dV
v
2 E v
2E  I 
L
M2  2  where
 2 
 y dA dx
  2 
o
2 EI  A  I    y dA 
L
M2 A 
 dx
o
2 EI
Strain Energy due to Shear Stress
Form factor

Dr.S.Rasool Mohideen
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
 External
Load

Dr.S.Rasool Mohideen
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Summarize
Problem 2
Solution:
 Problem 3
Determine the bending strain energy in region AB of the
beam shown in the figure. EI is constant.
Solution:
Problem 4
 Solution
• Finding the support reactions

• Finding the internal moment

Solution (Contd.)
Problem 5
Solution