ASIAN PARADIGMS OF

ADMINISTRATION
• RISE OF JAPAN AND ASIAN TIGERS
• Emerging Markets, Organizational culture , Innovations
and, Government and Business nexus
• Far East Bubble burst , Myth or Reality. Learning
organizations and Chinese Philosophy ( QUANXI)
• US Philosophy penetration: TQM, Value chain, Zero
defect, Six sigma etc
• Confucius, Sun Tzu, Islamic Management, Bhuddist
Model.
• New models and emerging in pursuit of Globalization.
• New interpretations needed in contemporary times.
 CONFUCIUS MODEL
• Moral order in society : A system of person as a social
being, interconnected to society through a system of moral
and social ethics
• An anthrop cosmic perspective : great triad of heaven -a
guiding force, earth and humans,
• 2. An organic holism where the universe is seen as unified,
interconnected to everything for interpretation.
• 3. A dynamic vitalism (Chi): the material energy force of
the universe, which creates reciprocity between man and
nature and is the substance of life responsible for
continuing process of change in the universe
• 4. Ethics embracing man and nature.
• “ Education enriches individual and society and history is
moral reflection of learning, and Those who want to be a
leader or ruler have to have their own house in order.”
 Confucius model Contdd..
• Harmony admist Change, self interest and altruism NOT
mutually Exclusive
• Relationships extend from Family to Government
• 05 inner virtues; Integrity, Righteousness, Loyalty,
Reciprocity and Human-heartedness
• Guanxi; “a focus on relationships with a shared history,
respect for the past, a value that many.
• TAO ( Way of life), REN ( Love and Kindness), Li (
Rituals and reverence), Zhi (wisdom and ability to apply
the above virtues ) Xin ( trustworthiness to safeguard the
mission of the organization). Later Peter Drucker used
these ideas in Modern Management.
 If not applied properly then : Lack of profit, ideas can
degenerate into nepotism, corruption and Authoritarianism
 THE WAR (SUN TZU ) PARADIGM
• STRATEGY : Achieving victory by outthinking and out-
fighting the enemy with the best tools at one’s disposal.
• Gain advantage by minimum fighting or winning without
war.
• Winning whole: resources and objectives intact
• Deception: keep intentions secret . All warfare is based on
it. Foreknowledge is the key which comes though network
of people.
• Energy : Energy or applying force effectively and
efficiently Capabilities : finding the best path to achieve
an objective; Initiative : how to take advantage and
capitalize upon an emerging opportunity in a conflict
• Difference between achievement or non achievement of
victory is LEVEL OF TRAINING.
 THE WAR (SUN TZU ) PARADIGM
• Thorough planning is necessary; Avoid if possible direct
competition against competitors
• Emulate and Build your strengths where your competitors
are weak; Ensure you have a planned exit strategy if
necessary;
• Know your competitors and yourself well, your success is
certain
• Good Leadership is a powerful and indispensable for the
motivation of followers (wisdom, sincerity, benevolence,
courage, strictness);
• Be formless like water (DIVINE SUCCESS) : modify
tactics according to the enemy’s situation.
• A combination of benevolence and strictness is the key to
guaranteeing loyalty of your staff;
• Be transparent in your reward and punishment systems so
employees know what they will receive
 BUDDHIST PARADIGM
• Metaphysics and Consciousness ( Feelings) Human
existence is interwoven with everything else. No past, no
present , no future. Universe and individuals are transient. (
Fana)
• Suffering through life is the basic Truth . Desire for objects
and permanence in the world as the source of all suffering.
• If we extinguish our Attachment, we reduce our suffering;
• Eightfold Path’ consists of right understanding, right
intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right
effort.
• Right intention involves resistance to desire, anger,
aversion, cruelty to others, or aggression.
• Right action involves the body as a means of expression,
and deeds that involve bodily actions. Right livelihood is
about earning a living in a righteous way.
 BUDDHIST PARADIGM Contdd..
• Right concentration ( Consciousness), Right effort (
Honesty)
• Western models already had eight fold paths. Team work,
Learning organization, System thinking ( Forces are
interrelated to create indivisible whole), personal mastery
Shared vision.
• Team learning – is the ability of the group to rid
themselves of their assumptions and begin to think
together.
• Misguided effort leads one into delusion and negative
Karma and confusion
• Right mindfulness is both part of our perceptions and
thoughts, to see beyond our stereotyped impressions and
existing biases and patterning.
 ISLAMIC PARADIGM
• Quran and Teaching of Prophet MUHAMMAD (May
peace be upon him) : Attributes of GOD in Human .
• TAWHID: Central concept. Spirit and matter together. .
• Nature of Man : Great spiritual heights or degeneration
based on his deeds. Ibadah ( Follow God’s Will) is
submission to HIS Laws.
• Amoral society: Society when laspse into immorality
becomes degenerative. Spirit and matter are in harmony.
• Underdeveloped society of Muslims. Low GDP, Poverty
and other crimes.
• Ad-din : material and spiritual pursuits inseparable, where
one’s whole life is concerned with the needs of humankind
here on earth to secure a comfortable life in the Hereafter
• Strive Hard to earn your living Ethically and help
Mankind
 ISLAMIC PARADIGM Contdd..
• Tawhid fall into two categories: fard’ain which is an
individual’s obligation to perform his or her religious
• duties and fard kifayah, which is an obligation for man to
serve the entire community, through services to each other,
necessary for the community to live safely and
comfortably. To improve Mankind with right deeds is
obligation.
• Al- Iman based on Al –Ilm ( spiritual, scientific
knowledge and wisdom) must consummate into Al-Amal (
Deeds / Actions).
• Mudarabah: Partnership where one manages the
partnership and another supplies the financial support,
• b) Shirkah: where two or more individuals pool financial
resources and share profit and loss on an agreed ratio and
held liable to the extent of their capital,
 ISLAMIC PARADIGM Contdd
• Syari’ah: each partner is able to operate other businesses,
independent of the principal business
• Halal means lawful or permitted for Muslims.
• Toyyibaan means clean and pure. Also mean that
agriculture must be undertaken within sustainable
practices, and in business that things are done with good
intentions
• God equipped man with the faculties of understanding
right and wrong, so that he may obtain a bright destiny.
• Man has a free choice in what he chooses. Wrong deeds
are Satanic acts.
• Shura is total organizational community participation in
decision making
 COUCLUSION ( Islamic Paradigm)
• Covey’s first book The Seven Habits of Highly Effeective
people
• Be proactive as this will develop the ability to control
one’s environment ( Knowledge)
• Begin tasks with the end result in mind, avoid distractions
and concentrate (Taqwah)
• Organize correctly and undertake the most important tasks
first in a step by step approach. ( Balance)
• Look for win-win strategies so that all benefit; (UMMAH)
• Listen to people first and understand them before you try
to make them understand you, which will assist in
maintaining positive relationships with people; (SHURA)
• The concepts of Halal/Toyyibaan in Malaysia and Far
east. y (hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP),
and good manufacturing practices (GMP))