Kelompok 9
Cekot-cekot kepalaku
Seorang perempuan berusia 24 tahun, bekerja sebagai
sekretaris datang ke dokter dengan riwayat sakit kepala sejak 12 tahun
yang lalu. Sakit kepala mulai dirasakan sejak duduk di kelas 2 SMP
sehingga saat itu ia sering tidak masuk sekolah. Sakit kepala timbul 1
sampai 2 kali dalam sebulan. saKit kepala dimulai pada daerah mata
kanan dan biasanya didahului dengan gambaran-gambaran kilatan
cahaya serta garis zig zag. Serangan sakit kepala disertai rasa mual yang
hebat dan muntah. Keluhan adan berkurang apabila ia beristirahat di
ruang yang gelap.
Biasanya serangan sakit kepala berlangsung selama 4-6 jam,
namun ia merasa lemah sehingga ia harus beristirahat tanpa melakukan
kegiatan apapun dalam 24 jam berikutnya. Serangan sakit kepala
semakin berat apabila pasien akan menstruasi dan mengkonsumsi jenis
makanan dan minuman tertentu seperti coklat atau anggur merah.
Pemeriksaan fisik umum dan neurologis dalam batas normal
SECONDARY HEADACHE
PRIMARY • Subarachnoid
HEADACHE hemorrhage
• Migraine • Temporal arteritis
•Trigeminal neuralgia
• Tension – type • Idiopathic intracranial
• Cluster headache hypertension
•Paroxysmal (Pseudotumor cerebri)
Hemicrania • Post – lumbar puncture
or Low pressure
headache
Jenis atau Penyebab Ciri Khas Pemeriksaan Diagnostik
Saraf sensoris
(aferen)
Pusat nyeri
SSP
otak besar
NYERI
KEPALA
PATOFISIOLOGI
N. trigeminus
struktur di atas Nyeri biasanya disalurkan
tentorium serebeli ke daerah tengkorak bagian
melalui : frontal, temporal dan
parietal.
Jalur Nyeri
N. glossofaringeus, N. vagus
struktur dibawah dan akar saraf servikal
tentorium serebeli bagian atas
melalui: Nyeri dirasakan didaerah
oksipital dari kepala.
PATOFISIOLOGI
PATOFISIOLOGI
Etiologi berdasarkan onset dan sifat
ETIOLOGI SAKIT KEPALA BERDASARKAN ONSET & SIFAT
AKUT, LOKAL AKUT, AKUT, KRONIK, KRONIK,
MENYELURUH REKUREN PROGRESIF NON-
PROGRESIF
Sinusitis, Infeksi Migrain Hipertensi Jenis tension
otitis, sistemik intrakranial
influenza (meningitis) idiopatik
Paska-trauma Hipertensi Space occupying Psikiatrik
lesion (tumor, (depresi, fobia
abses, pendarahan, sekolah)
hidrosefalus)
Abses dental, Pendarahan,
TMJD, migrain exertional
pertama kali
Precipitating Factors
• Precipitating factors • menses;
can provide a guide to • hunger;
the cause of headache. • ice cream;
Such factors include
recent • foods containing
• eye or dental nitrite (hot dogs,
surgery; salami, ham, and
most sausage),
• acute exacerbation phenylethylamine
of chronic sinusitis (chocolate), or
or hay fever; tyramine (cheddar
• systemic viral cheese); and
infection; • bright lights.
• tension, emotional
stress, or fatigue;
Precipitating Factors
• Precipitation of • The use of oral
headache by alcohol is contraceptive agents or
especially typical of other drugs such as
cluster headache. nitrates may precipitate
Chewing and eating or exacerbate migraine
commonly trigger and even lead to stroke.
glossopharyngeal Intense headache can
neuralgia, tic occur in response to
douloureux, and the jaw coughing in patients
claudication of giant cell with structural lesions in
arteritis; these activities the posterior fossa; in
also trigger pain in other instances no
patients with specific cause for cough
temporomandibular headache can be
joint dysfunction. identified.
Characteristics of Pain
• Headache or facial pain • A steady sensation of
is most often described tightness or pressure is
as throbbing; a dull, also commonly seen
steady ache; or a with tension headache.
jabbing, lancinating pain. The pain produced by
• Pulsating, throbbing intracranial mass lesions
pain is frequently is typically dull and
ascribed to migraine, but steady.
it is equally common in
patients with tension
headache.
Characteristics of Pain
• Sharp, lancinating • Headache of virtually
pain suggests a any description can
neuritic cause such as occur in patients with
trigeminal neuralgia. migraine or brain
Ice picklike pain may tumors; however, the
be described by character of the pain
patients with migraine, alone does not provide
cluster headache, or a reliable etiologic
giant cell arteritis. guide.
Location of Pain
• Unilateral headache is an • Paranasal pain localized to
invariable feature of cluster one or several of the sinuses,
headache and occurs in the often associated with
majority of migraine attacks; tenderness in the overlying
most patients with tension periosteum and skin, occurs
headache report bilateral with acute infection or outlet
pain. obstruction of these
• Ocular or retroocular pain structures.
suggests a primary • Headache from intracranial
ophthalmologic disorder such mass lesions may be focal (“it
as acute iritis or glaucoma, hurts right here”), but even in
optic (II) nerve disease (e.g., such cases it is replaced by
optic neuritis), or retroorbital bioccipital and bifrontal pain
inflammation (e.g., Tolosa- when the intracranial
Hunt syndrome). It is also pressure becomes elevated.
common in migraine or
cluster headache.
Location of Pain
• Bandlike or occipital • Lancinating pain localized to
discomfort is commonly the second or third division of
associated with tension the trigeminal nerve (Figure
headaches. Occipital 2-1B) suggests tic douloureux.
localization can also occur • The pharynx and external
with meningeal irritation from auditory meatus are the most
infection or hemorrhage and frequent sites of pain caused
with disorders of the joints, by glossopharyngeal
muscles, or ligaments of the neuralgia.
upper cervical spine.
• Pain within the first division
of the trigeminal nerve,
characteristically described as
burning in quality, is a
common feature of
postherpetic neuralgia.
MIGRAIN
Definisi
• Nyeri kepala berulang yang idiopatik, dengan serangan
nyeri yang berlangsung selama 4-72 jam, biasanya
unilateral, sifatnya berdenyut, intensitas nyeri sedang-
berat, diperhebat oleh aktifitas fisik rutin, dapat disertai
nausea, fotofobia, dan fonofobia.
I NYERI
N
POST-DROMAL
PATOFISIOLOGI
The Migraine Process: Activation of the
Trigeminal Nucleus Caudalis (TNC)
45
Activation of the TNC May Result in Referred Pain that Could be
Perceived Anywhere along the Trigeminocervical Network
46
CSD Stimulates Trigeminal Sensory
Fibers (TSF)
1
Serat Trigerminal di
pembuluh darah
meningeal
2 3
Release of CGRP, substance P &
Inflammatory Cytokines
1 2 3
4 5 6
Tanda dan gejala
• Garis zig zag yang melayang di pandangan
• Kehilangan penglihatan
• Pandangan gelap
• Kilatan cahaya
• Nyeri kepala hebat, sering satu sisi
• Mual dan muntah
• Sensasi lain yang mungkin menyertai :
– Kesemutan di ekstremitas atau di wajah
– Confusion
– Kesulitan dalam berbahasa
Gejala Klinis
• Headache Unilateral / hemicrania (30-40% are bilateral)
• Moderate to severe pain
• Nyeri kepala berdenyut
• Terjadi selama 4-72jam
• Nyeri memburuk pasca aktivitas fisik
Systemic manifestations
• Nausea (80-90%)
• Vomiting (40-60%)
• Photophobia (80%)
DIAGNOSIS
• Migrain tanpa aura Migrain dgn aura
• Minimal 5 serangan Minimal 3 dari 4 kriteria
berikut.
• antara 4-72 jam
1. Gangguan aura reversibel
• Unilateral, berdenyut,
(gangguan visual, sensasi
intensitas sedang-
kulit abN, sulit bicara,
berat, bertambah saat
kelemahan otot).
beraktivitas
2. Aura > 4 menit atau 2x
• Mual muntah,
berturut-turut.
fotofobia, fonofobia
3. Aura berakhir < 60 menit.
4. Aura tdk tjd > 60 menit sblm
tjdnya serangan sakit kepala
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Pemeriksaan Fisik
• Melakukan skrining pemeriksaan neurologis
• Tidak ada manifestasi fisik tertentu
• Adanya photophobia / phonophobia
• Adanya gejala sistemic : myalgia, fever, malaise, weight
loss, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication
• Kelainan neurologis fokal : confusion, seizures,
gangguan kesadaran, unilateral paralysis or weakness,
Aphasia, syncope
• Kelumpuhan N III ocular muscle paralysis, respons
pupil, ptosis
• Ophthalmic migraines gangguan visual
Pemeriksaan Penunjang
• Computerized tomography (CT)
Dugaan Diagnosa : tumors, infections dan penyebab medik lain dari nyeri
kepala
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Dugaan Diagnosa : tumors, strokes, aneurysms, neurological diseases and
other brain abnormalities.
Dapat juga digunakan untuk pemeriksaan pembuluh darah yang
menyuplai otak
• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)
Diagnosa : meningitis
In this procedure, a thin needle is inserted between two vertebrae in your
lower back to extract a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for laboratory
analysis.
DD
• Headache Cluster
• Stroke hemoragik/ iskemik
• Headache tension
• Meningitis
• Perdarahan subarachnoid
• Tumor otak ( TIK↑)
• Gangguan vaskular (aneurisma)
TATA LAKSANA
• Profilaksis • Abortif
• Hindari faktor pemicu • Analgesik ringan
• Obat: Aspirin (DOC)
• Beta blocker • NSAIDS
• Antidepresan trisiklik • Gol. Triptan
• Metisergid
• Ergotamin
• Asam/ Na Valproat
• Metoklopramid
• NSAIDS
• Verapamil • Kortikosteroid
• Topiramat • Analgesik opiat
Keterangan - Terapi Abortif
• Analgesik ringan: Aspirin (DOC), parasetamol
• NSAIDS:
• Hambat sintesis prostaglandin, agregasi platelet, & pelepasan 5-
HT
• Naproksen terbukti lbh baik drpd ergotamin
• Pilihan lain: ibuprofen, ketorolak
• Gol. Triptan
• Agonis reseptor 5-HT menyebabkan vasokonstriksi
• Hambat pelepasan takikinin, memblok inflamasi neurogenik
• Sumatriptan PO >>efektif drpd Ergotamin PO
• Ergotamin
• Stimulasi reseptor 5-HT1 presinaptik memblok inflamasi
neurogenik
• IV u/ serangan hebat.
• Metoklopramid
• u/ cegah mual muntah
• 15-30 menit sblm antimigrain; bs diulang stlh 4-6 jam.
• Kortikosteroid
• u/ mengurangi inflamasi
• Analgesik opiat
• c/: butorphanol
Keterangan - Terapi Profilaksis
• Beta blocker DOC u/ profilaksis
• c/: atenolol, propanolol, metoprolol, nadolol
• Antidepresan trisiklik
• Pilihan: amitriptilin, lainnya: imipramin, doksepin, nortriptilin.
• Efek antikolinergik KI: glaukoma, hiperplasia prostat.
• Metisergid
• Senyawa ergot semisintetik, antagonis 5HT2
• Asam/ Na Valproat
• Dpt menurunkan keparahan, frekuensi, & durasi pd 80%
penderita migrain.
• NSAIDS
• Aspirin & Naproksen
• Tidak u/ jangka panjang g3 GIT
• Verapamil
• Terapi lini kedua atau ketiga
• Topiramat
• mengurangi kejadian migrain.
Cluster Headache
Cluster headache
• Termasuk dalam golongan “trigeminal autonomic cephalgias’
• Serangannya multipel dan berat bersifat unilateral pada
daerah orbital.
• Lebih sering pada pria. 4:1
• Prevalensinya sekitar 15 kasus per 100.000 orang.
Faktor Risiko
• Pria
• Usia lebih dari 30 tahun
• Vasodilator (misal:alkohol)
• Trauma kepala atau operasi sebelumnya
Gejala klinik
• Serangan dapat
berlangsung setiap saat.
• 1 – 4 serangan per hari ,
20 menit – 3 jam
• Bersifat unilateral,
serangan pada malam
hari,
seperti tertusuk benda
tajam
Diagnosis
• Serangan multipel dari nyeri orbital unilateral, supraorbital, atau
temporal yang berlangsung 15-180 menit bila tidak diobati.
• Analgesik :
• Aspirin,asetaminophen,ibuprofen atau naproxem sodium
• antidepresan
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Perdarahan subarachnoid
Gejala klinis :
• Sakit kepala yang sangat hebat ( tidak pernah dirasakan
sebelumnya )
• Timbul mendadak
• Konfirmasi dengan CT scan dan LP ( darah , yellow or
xanthochromic CSF )
Temporal Arteritis
• = giant cell arteritis (GCA)
• Merupakan arteritis granulomatosa sistemik
yang melibatkan arteri berukuran sedang –
besar, umumnya menyerang ps > 50 thn
• Sakit kepala yang menyertai GCA tidak memiliki
karakteristik khusus, mgkn berkaitan dgn
• Tenderness of the scalp
• Thickening, nodulation, tenderness of temporal
arteries to palpation
Temporal arteritis
• Gejala-gejala penyerta
• Claudication of the jaw with chewing
• Gejala sistemik demam, BB ↓, fatigue
• Pemeriksaan
• Erythrocyte sedimentation rate dan CRP ↑
• Biopsi arteri temporal vakulitis dgn infiltrasi sel mononuklear dan
perubahan granulomatosa
• Komplikasi
• Antrior ischemic optic neuropathy Visual loss
• Terapi
• Prednisone (45 to 60 mg/d in single or divided doses) several weeks
gradual reduction to 10 to 20 mg/d and maintenance at this dosage
for several months or years
Resume
• Wanita 24 tahun sakit kepala selama 12 tahun.
• Serangan :
• Onset : 12 tahun
• Durasi : 4-6 jam
• Frekuesnsi: 1-2 kali per bulan