Fire Fighting Fire Escape Requirement in High Rise Building - Izzat Ramli

Fire Fighting &
Fire Escape
Requirement
In
High Rise Building
Building Services II
(Sba1513)
Prepared By:
Izzat Bin Ramli
Sx081842bsj04
Prepared For:
Dr. Abdul Halim
FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS
Topics:
1.0 - INTRODUCTION
2.0 - PASSIVE FIRE

REQUIREMENTS
3.0 - ACTIVE FIRE

REQUIREMENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Aims of Fire Protections:
To protect building occupants from fire by

providing sufficient and safe evacuation routes.
To protect building structures from severely

damage within specific time – construction
methods, fire rated etc.
To protect building properties (furniture,

equipment etc) from totally damage.
To avoid fire from spread out within the

building or to another building.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Fire Hazards & Risks:
Smoke: Oxygen decreased – carbon

monoxide increased – cause of death.
Smoke: Reduce visibility – expose to

danger.
Radiant Heat – 149 degree Celsius –

cause of death & severe burnt.
Fire grow very fast especially to

combustible materials.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Good Building Design with Fire Safety Measures:
 Provide sufficient fire appliances access & fire hydrants to assist

fire & rescue personnel.
 Designing sufficient and safe escape routes for the occupants of

the building.
 Selecting materials for the construction which will not promote the
rapid spread of fire.
 Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by

means of fire resisting walls & floors.
 Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is

unlikely to spread to it from another building.
 Provide sufficient fixed installation for quick & effective detection &
extinguishment of fires.
 Designing & installing building services so that they do not assist

the spread of fire.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Classification/Categories of Hazardous Areas:
• Extra light hazard – small residential (bungalows,

semi-detached houses & terrace houses)
• Ordinary light hazard – other residential

(apartments), hotels, hostels & offices.
• Ordinary medium hazard – public buildings

(museums, libraries, shopping complexes, etc.)
• Ordinary high hazard – places of assembly (halls,

auditoriums, cinemas, stadiums etc.)
• Ordinary special hazard – workshops, factories,

stores etc.
• Extra high hazard – explosive materials such as

electrical plants, fire crackers factories, oil off-
shores, sub-stations etc.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1st THINGS NEED TO KNOW
BEFORE DESIGNING A BUILDING
Purpose Group – 5th Schedule of UBBL1984:
• Group I - Small Residential

• Group II - Institutional
• Group III - Other Residential
• Group IV - Office
• Group V - Shop
• Group VI - Factory
• Group VII - Place of Assembly
• Group VIII - Storage & General
Most of the building will have more than one purpose group.
E.g. Shopping Complex will have Group V (Shop), IV
(Administration), Group VII (Cineplex) & VIII (Storage).
2.0 PASSIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS
Descriptions:
Passive fire protection is basically a planning matter and

must be considered at the planning stage
in the building design in terms of reduction of fire
hazard and fire risk.
Effective passive fire precautions represent good

planning, good design & good
construction, which could complement other basic
functions of a building.
Site & Space Planning:
Design Notes:
All building more than 7000 cubic meter shall attach to

access road or open area (Minimum width – 40’).
Road/Access width – minimum 20’ (Maximum width of

appliance is 2.5m) & can withstand load of fire engines
(Maximum weight – 26 tonnes)
Maximum gradient to access is 1:12.
Minimum overhead clearance for access is 4m height.
Fire appliances turn-around requirements: T-turn,

Cul-De-Sac Circle, Shunt or Circle
Perimeter Access:
The table in By-law 140 stipulates the

proportion of the building perimeter that must
be accessible to fire appliances.
Volume of Building Minimum perimeter
(cubic meter) appliance
access
7000 – 28000 One sixth
28000 – 56000 One fourth
56000 – 84000 One half
84000 – 112000 Three fourth
112000 and above Island site

Perimeter Access:
One sixth perimeter appliance access

Fire Appliance Access
Perimeter Access:
One fourth perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:
One half perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:
Three fourth perimeter appliance access

Perimeter Access:
Island site perimeter appliance access

Separation of Fire Risk Areas:
By-law 139 stipulates all fire risk areas (such

as TNB sub-station, switch rooms,
AC plant rooms etc) shall be separated
from occupants:
Totally separate the fire risk area from the

building.
Separated by constructing fire rated

walls,
floors & doors (compartments)
Compartments:
Definitions:
The spaces in the building are divided into smaller

compartments for Fire Safety management reasons to:
•Limit the spread of fire.
•Restrict the movement of smoke.
•Optimize evacuation routes during fire.
•Accommodate different activities (Purpose Group) to

enable each compartment have their own fire protection
systems.
Compartments:
5th Schedule of UBBL1984:
Purpose Building height Limit of Dimensions
Group
Area of Volume of the
compartment building or
floor (meter compartment (cubic
The limits of dimensions for square) meter)
areas or volumes in buildings &
compartments which are Part I – Building other than single storey
installed with automatic Institutional Any height 2000 No limit
sprinklers are allowed to Other

residential
Not exceeding 28m 3000 8500
double up the limit of Other Exceeding 28m 2000 5500

dimensions stated in Fifth residential
Shop Any height 2000 7000

Schedule. This provision is Factory Not exceeding 28m No limit 28000
to reflect the reduced risks in Factory Exceeding 28m 2000 5500
sprinklered building. Store & Not exceeding 28m No limit 21000
general
Store & Exceeding 28m 1000 No limit
general
Part II – Single storey building
Institutional Any height 3000 No limit

Other Any height 3000 No limit
residential
Compartments:
Compartment Walls & Floors:
By-law 136: Provisions of Compartment walls &
floors
Any building (other than single storey) of a

purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule
shall be provided by compartment walls &
floors.
By-law 137: Floor in Building exceeding 30 metres
In any building which exceeds 30 metres in

height, all floors which are more than 9 metre
above ground level shall be constructed with
Compartment Floor, except mezzanine floor
Compartments:
Compartment Walls & Floors:
By-law 138: Other Compartment Walls & Floors
The following walls & floors shall be

constructed as compartment walls & floors:
• Any floor in building of Purpose Group II;
• Any wall or floor separating a flat from any part

of the same building;
• Any wall or floor separating part of the Building

from any part of the same building which is
used for a different purpose group (Mixed
Development);
• Any basement floor exceeding 100 square

metres.
Compartments:
By-law 149 – Horizontal & Vertical Barriers:
Openings in external wall shall be protected by

flame barriers by extending 750mm
horizontally & 900mm vertically. These
walls are known as deflector wall.
Deflector walls are inserted to prevent flame

spread via the external façade to the floors above
Compartments:
By-law 149 – Horizontal & Vertical Barriers:
Care has to be taken in curtain-

wall detailing to prevent the
external skin of the building from
becoming the casing to a smoke
stack.
Compartments:
By-law 150 – Protected Shaft:
Protected shafts penetrate across compartment
floors & walls. There two type of shafts:
• Shafts carrying utilities such as water,

electrical etc. All pipes or ducting shall be effectively
fire stopped as specified in By-law 161.
• Service shafts carrying lifts & escape staircases.

Lift shaft shall be ventilated with minimum vents of not
less than 0.9 square metres per lift (By-law 151).
Enclosed lift lobbies & staircase shall be ventilated to
provide safe passage for both escaping occupants
& safe access for fire fighters.
• If the protected shafts contain a
Ventilating duct, the ducts shall be
fitted with automatic fire dampers
as stipulated in By-law 156 & 160.
Compartments:
Fire Dampers to prevent the spread of fire inside the
ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and floors.
HVAC Ducting Through A Firewall

Fire Staircase Pressurize
Compartments:
By-law 162 – Fire Door:
Fire doors of the appropriate Fire Resistance Period

(FRP) shall be provided to:
• Openings in compartment & separating walls,

such as hotel guest rooms, AHU rooms etc.
• Openings in protecting structures, such as

protected staircases, protected
lobbies, fire fighting access lobbies
etc.
• Openings in partitions enclosing a protected

corridor or lobby.
By-law 163 stipulates sizes, materials and FRP of

Fire Doors.
By-law 164 stipulates all fire doors shall be fitted with
automatic door closers.
The door shall be opened toward the exit route.
Escape Routes:
Means of Escape:
An escape route should lead to a safety place without reliance on
external assistance. The ultimate safety place is the open air outside
the building, clear from the effect of fire.
In large complexes, it should be possible to reach a

place of reasonable safety such as protected
staircase/corridor where people can travel in relative
safely to a final exit.
The design of means of escapes should take into

account:
•The building form

•The activities inside the building.
•The possibility of fire.
•The potential of fire spread through the building.
Escape Routes:
Principles of Escape:
Alternative means of escape to be made possible

for every building. Single staircase & dead ends are
allowed under certain conditions.
Means of escape to direct a shortest route to a

safety place, e.g. to the outside of the buildings or to
the protected areas leading to the outside of the
buildings.
Generally means of escape consists of two parts:
- Unprotected areas, leading direct to exit.
- Protected areas, leading direct to exit.

Escape Routes:
Maximum Travel Distance – 7th Schedule:
Limits when alternative exits are available
(1) (2) (3)
Purpose Group Dead end limit Unsprinkler Sprinklered

(m) ed (m) (m)
Small Residential NA NA NA
Institutional 9 30 45
Hospital 6 45 60
School NA 30 45 The dead-end limit shall be the
Open plan NA 45 60 distance to a storey exit or to a point
Flexible plan where alternative means of escapes
is available provided that the total
Other residential 10 30 45 travel distance shall not exceed
Hotels 10 30 45 the limits under (2).
Flats 0 30 45
Dormitories
Office 15 45 60
Shop 15 30 45
Factory 15 30 45
General & Special Purpose 0 22 22.5
High Hazard NA NA NA
Open structures
Place of Assembly NA 45 61
Store & general NA NA NA
Low & Ordinary Hazard NA 22.5 30
High Hazard 15 30 45
Parking Garage NA 30 45 In an open plan the direct distance
Aircraft Hangars (Ground NA 22.5 22.5
Floor) be 2/3 of the Permitted Travel
Aircraft Hangars (Mezzanine) Distance
Escape Routes:
Measurement Travel Distance:
P – Permitted Travel Distance

Escape Routes:
Measurement Travel Distance:
• Open Plan Office
• Unsprinklered
• P = 45m
30m
30m
15m
15m
A + C < & = 45m
C < 45m
P – Permitted Travel Distance

Escape Routes:
Exits:
By-law 166 stipulates not less than two separate

exits shall be provided and the exits are readily
accessible at all times.
By-law 169 stipulates no exit route may reduce

in width along its path of travel.
Escape Routes:
Storey exits & Horizontal exits:
By-law 167 stipulates every compartment shall be

provided with at least two storey exits. The
distance in between two exits shall not less than
4.5 metres
Escape Routes:
1
Storey exits & Horizontal exits:
By-law 174 stipulates arrangement of storey exit shall

give direct access to:
1 - A final exit.
2 - An external route leading to a final exit.
3 - A protected staircase leading to a final exit.
4 - Separate exit for basement floors.

2
3 4
Escape Routes:
Exit Staircases:
By-law 168 stipulates every upper floor shall have
at least two separate exit staircase.
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Escape Routes:
Exit Staircases:
By-law 168 stipulates every upper floor shall have
at least two separate exit staircase.
Scenario 2
Escape Routes:
Exit Staircases:
The followings information on staircase must be
shown on drawings submitted to Fire Safety
Department:
• Number of treads & risers which shall not exceed 16
in a single flight unless internal stairs for
individual residential unit;
• Dimension of treads & risers - treads shall not be

less
• than 255mm & risers shall not be more than
180mm;
• Width of staircases shall be calculated in

accordance
• with By-law 168; Depth of landing shall not be
less than the width of the staircase;
• Minimum headroom is not less than 2 metre

measured vertically from any point over the full width of
the stairs;
Escape Routes:
Escape Routes:
Escape Routes:
Escape Routes:
Building exceeding 30m height:
By-law 195 stipulates in buildings exceeding 30
metres in height, all exit staircases shall be
carried to the roof level.
Smoke & Protected Lobbies:
Smoke Lobbies:
By-law 196 stipulates:

• Access to staircase smoke lobby shall be by
means of fire doors.
• The width of smoke lobby shall be more

than exit width.
• Smoke lobby shall be provided for exit

staircase extended to basement.
• Smoke lobby shall be naturally ventilated

(minimum 1 square metre opening) or
mechanically pressurized.
Smoke Lobbies:
Smoke Lobbies:
Smoke Lobbies:
Smoke Lobbies:
Smoke Lobbies:
Protected Lobbies:
Protected Lobbies: By-law 197 stipulates:
Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircase in buildings exceeding 18
Metre above ground, where the staircase enclosures are not naturally ventilated.
In buildings exceeding 45 metre above ground, the protected lobbies shall be
pressurized.
Protected lobbies may be

omitted if the staircase
enclosure is pressurized.
Ventilation to Staircase Enclosure:
By-law 198 stipulates: By -law 199 stipulates:
All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated by In buildings not exceeding 18
having a minimum opening size of metre, staircase enclosure may be
1 square metre. In buildings not unventilated provided that access to them
exceeding three storeys above at all levels through ventilated lobbies &
ground, staircase enclosures may be staircase enclosures are permanently
unventilated provided that access to them at ventilated at the top with minimum
all levels through ventilated lobbies. 5% of the area of enclosure.
Ventilation to Staircase Enclosure:
By-law 200 stipulates, for staircases enclosure

exceeding 18 metre & not ventilated, two methods
can be provided:
• Permanent ventilation at the top with minimum 5% of the

area of enclosure and plus a mechanical ventilated shaft
to achieved 10 air changes per hour.
• Mechanical pressurization of staircase enclosures

By-law 201 stipulates all staircase enclosures below
ground shall be provided with suitable means of preventing
the ingress of smoke.
By-law 202 stipulates all staircases serving building 45.75

metres in height shall be provided with pressurized system.
Building Materials & Construction:
By-laws 203 – 224 stipulate classification of

building materials & constructional methods to
restrict the spread of fire:
• Classification of interior finishes
• Classification of wall surface & ceiling
• Construction of roofs & roofing

materials
• Fire resistance of structural members
• Fire resistance for walls & floors

3.0 ACTIVE FIRE REQUIREMENTS
Descriptions:
Active fire protection is basically the manual or automatic fire

protection systems such as; fire alarms, detectors, rising mains,
hose reels, sprinklers etc, to give –
•a warning of an outbreak of fire
•the containment
•extinguishment of fire.
The provisions of adequate & suitable facilities to assist rescue
& fire suppression operations are also within the active fire
defence strategies.
Fire Detection & Alarm Systems:
Concept & Types of Protection:
Fire detection & alarm systems are designed to
provide warning of the outbreak of fire & allow
appropriate fire fighting action to be taken. The
fire detection & alarm systems must be specially
designed to meet the requirements of each
building.
Type of protections is:
•Manual – a system which provides manual alarm

only.
•Automatic – a system that automatically detects

a fire & initiates an effective alarm, and activation of
active fire suppression systems.
Detection & Alarm Systems in UBBL1984:
By-law 153 – Smoke detector shall be installed at lift lobbies.
By-law 225(1) – Every building shall be provided with detecting &

fire alarm systems together with illuminated exit signs.
By-law 237(1) – Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the

Tenth Schedule.
By-law 237(2) – All buildings exceeding 9290 square metres or

30.5m height shall be provided with two-stage alarm system.
1. Continuous signal to be given in the affected section.
2. Intermittent signal be given in adjoining section.
By-law 238 – Large buildings or exceeding 30.5m height
shall be provided with Command & Control Centre.
By-law 239 – Two separate voice communication

systems shall be provided in lifts, lift lobbies, corridors,
staircases, office area (if exceeding 92.9 square
metres) & hotel guest room.
By-law 241 – Special requirements alarm systems for deaf

persons by using visible indicator alarm signals.
By-law 244(g) – Standard requirements for Fire Alarm

Systems.
Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 lists the followings:
1. Automatic Fire Detectors System
2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm System
3. Signal Indicator Alarm System
4. Manual Alarm System

1. Automatic Fire Detection Systems:
Heat Detectors:
• Fixed Temperature Heat Detector
• Rate-of-Rise Temperature Heat
• Detector
• Linear/Line Detector
Smoke Detectors:
• Ionization Smoke Detector
• Optical Smoke Detector
• Aspirating Smoke Detector
• Beam Detector
Flame Detectors:
• Ultra Violet Flame Detector
• Infra-red Flame Detector
2. Manual Electrical Fire Alarm Systems:
Manual Electric Fire Alarm Systems shall be operated

from break-glass call points & once operated; the
alarm will continue to sound automatically.
The system shall be located on exit routes, normally

installed together with hose reel. No person in the
premises needs to travel more than 30 metres.
The system shall be mounted at a height of 1.4m

from the floor, easily accessible & well illuminated.
3. Signal Indicator Alarm Systems:

The detection device must be arranged to trigger
an alarm, either by signalling to the police, fire
station or a commercial security organisation’s
central station.
A range of services can be provided which include

alarm & line-fault signal system.
Voice Communication Systems:
A voice alarm system is intended to be used in
conjunction with fire detection & alarm
system to control the safe evacuation of building
occupants.
The system can be used for other functions &

incidents.
Emergency Lightings:
Types of Emergency Illumination as listed in Tenth
Schedule:
• Signal point units

• Central Battery
• Generators
Suppression Systems:
Descriptions:
Types of extinguishing system to be used are
based on classification of fire.
The system shall be installed either internal or

external part of the buildings.
The system operates in three ways:

•Portable
•Fixed & manually operated
•Fixed & automatically operated
By-law 225(1) stipulates all building shall be

provided with means of extinguishing fire system.
Suppression Systems in the 10th Schedule:
1. Automatic Sprinklers
2. Water Spray System
3. High Expansion Foam System
4. Carbon Dioxide System
5. Approved Halogenated Extinguishing System
6. Other Automatic Extinguishing System
7. Hose Reel
8. Hydrant System
Classification of Fire & Suppression System Used:
Class Description: Method: Suppression
Agent:
A Fires involving organic nature Water to extinguish the Dry powder

with the formation of glowing fire & as a cooling Foam
ambers. element. Water
E.g. wood, paper etc.
B Fires involving liquids or Blanketing – to remove Dry powder

liquefiable solids. oxygen from liquid Foam
E.g. petrol, kerosene, etc. materials. CO2
C Fires involving gases. Blanketing – to avoid Dry powder

E.g. oxygen, LNG, LPG etc. oxygen from gases. CO2
D Fires involving metals. Water is not suitable Dry powder

E.g. sodium, aluminium etc. because steel will Dry sand
collapse.
E Fires involving electrical Water is not suitable Dry powder

equipment due to short circuit. CO2
Halon
F Fires involving fats & cooking CO2 is not suitable. Dry powder
oils
External Fire Hydrants:
By-law 225(2) stipulates every building shall be
served at least one fire hydrant located not more
than 91.5m.
By-law 225(3) stipulates additional fire hydrant

shall be provided depending on the size &
location of the building.
The fire hydrant shall be located at fire

appliances access.
Types of fire hydrant:

• 2 outlets – pressure at 250 to 300 GPM (gallon per minute)
• 3 outlets – pressure at 300 to 600 GPM
External Fire Hydrants:
Water supply for fire hydrant:
•Direct supply from main distribution pipe.
•Supplied through water tank (Pressurised Hydrant System)
Portable Fire Extinguishers:
By-law 227 stipulates portable fire
extinguishers shall be provided in the
building:
In accordance with Code of practice;
•Shall be located in prominent positions on

exit routes;
•Visible from all direction;
By-law 244 (c) stipulates standard

requirement for portable extinguishers.
Portable Fire Extinguishers:
Types of portable fire extinguisher:
•Water (Colour code: Red) – suitable for Class A –

sprayed at 6 to 8m in 60 to 120 second.
•Foam (Colour code: Cream) – suitable for Class A & B

– sprayed at 6m in 30 to 90 second.
•CO2 (Colour code: Black) – suitable for Class B, C & E

– 2.2kg gas.
•Halon (Colour code: Green) – suitable for Class E.
•Dry Powder (Colour Code: Blue) – suitable for all types of fire
– 9 to 12kg & sprayed at 5 to 6m in less than 2 minutes.
Hose Reel System:
Hose reel system is intended for occupant to use
during the early stages of fire. The system
comprises hose reel pump, water storage tank,
hose reels, pipe works &
valves.
When the tank is located on the roof, the hose reels

may be fed directly from hose reel tank by gravity.
The requirement for hose reel systems is listed

under the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984.
By-law 244 (b) stipulates standard requirement for

Hose reels.
The hose reel shall be located:

At every 45 metres (depends on building form);
At every floor level;
Nearer to fire fighting access lobbies.
Hose Reel System:
Downcomer System:
Downcomers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen
to use & always charged with water from a water tank
located at the roof level.
Downcomers are only permitted for private residential

buildings with open balcony approach where the
topmost floor is less than 60 metres (Low cost flat
only).
Dry Riser System:
By-law 230 stipulates Dry Riser System shall be

provided in building in which the topmost floor in between
18.3m to 30.5m.
By-law 232 stipulates at least one Dry Riser System shall be installed
when the building under construction has reached 18.3m.
By-law 244 (d) stipulates standard requirement for dry rising

main.
Dry risers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen to use
during the outbreak of fire. Dry risers are normally dry & depend on
the fire engines to pump water into the system.
Dry Riser System:
Dry riser comprises of:
Riser pipe with landing valve at every floor;
Breeching inlet at the ground floor.
Wet Riser System:
By-law 231 stipulates Wet Riser System shall be provided in

building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m.
By-law 232 stipulates at least one Wet Riser System shall be

installed when the building under construction has reached
more than 30.5m.
By-law 244 (d) stipulates standard requirement for wet rising

main.
Wet risers are a form of internal hydrant for the firemen to use
& are always charged with water.
Wet Riser System:
Wet riser comprises of:
Riser pipe at 150mm dia. with landing valve at every floor;
Pumping system (jockey, duty & standby pumps);
Wet riser water tank
Automatic Sprinkler System:
By-law 226 stipulates automatic system (including

sprinklers) shall be provided for hazardous
occupancy.
By-law 228 stipulates sprinkler valves shall be located

in safe & enclosed position on the exterior wall. All
sprinkler systems shall be connected to the nearest fire
station to provide immediate & automatic alarm system
when activated.
By-law 244 (f) stipulates standard requirement for

automatic sprinklers.
The detail requirement for automatic sprinkler systems is

listed under the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984.
An automatic sprinkler system is intended to

detect, control & extinguish a fire, and to
warn the occupants of the occurrence of fire.
The system operates automatically without
human intervention.
The sprinkler head has a liquid filled glass bulb

that breaks due to the heat of the fire &
releases water that sprays over the fire.
The most common type of automatic sprinkler

system is the wet pipe installation.
An automatic sprinkler Automatic Sprinkler System:
system comprises of:
•Pipe works &

valve;
•Pumping system
(jockey, duty & standby
pumps);
•Sprinkler water tank;
•Control valve set;
•Sprinkler heads;
•Flow & Pressure

switches.
Sprayed area depending on category of hazard:

•Light hazard – 130 to 225 square feet
•Ordinary hazard – 100 to 130 square feet
•High hazard – 90 square feet
Sprayed pattern:
•Conventional – down sprayed & partly at ceiling
•Hemispherical spray – down sprayed only
•Side wall spray
•Double spray – for ceiling depth more than 1200mm
Special Extinguishment Systems:
By-law 236 stipulates special extinguishment systems shall

be provided for special hazard areas.
Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System:

CO2 system consists of CO2 cylinders, steel piping,
discharge nozzles, heat and/or smoke detectors & control
panel. The system activates both visual & audio alarm
system before releasing the gas. The CO2 is
discharged after a time delay upon detection of fire to warn
any occupant to evacuate the room.
The system is usually provided for:
• Transformer rooms
• Switch rooms
• Standby generator rooms
Special Extinguishment Systems:
Automatic CO2 Extinguishing System:

Other By-laws:
Firemen Lifts:
By-law 243 stipulates fire lift/s shall be provided for a building

is more than 18.5m (topmost occupied floor). A
penthouse occupying less than 50% of the floor area
immediately below shall be exempted from this regulation.
A fire lift shall be located within a separate protected

shaft if it opens into a protected lobby. The location shall not
more than 61m travel distance from the furthermost point
of the floor.
Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every

group of lifts which discharged into same protected
lobby. Fire lifts shall serve all floors including basement &
topmost occupied floor.
Other By-laws:
Emergency Power System:
Emergency power system shall be provided as accordance to

By-law 253 of the UBBL1984. The system is to supply
electrical power automatically in the event of power
failure to equipment essential for safety of life.
The supply systems shall comprise one or more of the

following types:
•Storage battery – for a period of 1 ½ hours.

•Generator set – for automatically starting the prime mover
on failure of normal service. Normally it is located on ground or
basement floor
Other By-laws:
Emergency Power System:
The emergency power systems shall provide power for the
following emergency loads that are associated with fire
protection systems:
•Pressurisation systems;
•Smoke control systems;
•Fire alarm & monitoring systems;
•Pumping systems for fire fighting;
•Emergency public address systems;
•Fire lifts;
•Emergency lighting;
•Other emergency fire protection systems.

Summary :
Building less than 18.3m height:

Refer to the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 to
determine Purpose Group of the building.
By-law 225 – Detecting & extinguishing fire

By-law 226 – Automatic systems are required for high hazard space
By-law 227 – Portable extinguishers
By-law 237 – Fire alarms
By-law 239 – Voice communication system
By-law 240 – Electrical isolation switch
By-law 241 – Special requirements for fire alarm
By-law 253 – Emergency power system
Summary :
Building in between 18.3m – 30.5m height:
Refer to the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 to determine
Purpose Group of the building.

By-law 229 – Means of access & fire fighting
By-law 230 – Dry rising system
By-law 232 – Dry rising for building under construction
By-law 242 – Fire fighting access lobbies
By-law 243 – Fire lifts
Summary :
Building more than 30.5m height:
Refer to the Tenth Schedule of UBBL 1984 to determine
Purpose Group of the building.

By-law 229 – Means of access & fire fighting
By-law 231 – Wet rising system
By-law 232 – Wet rising for building under construction
By-law 238 – Command & control centre
By-law 242 – Fire fighting access lobbies
By-law 243 – Fire lifts
Reference :
THANK YOU

Fire Fighting Fire Escape Requirement in High Rise Building - Izzat Ramli

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Fire Fighting Fire Escape Requirement in High Rise Building - Izzat Ramli

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Fire Fighting &

2.0 - PASSIVE FIRE

3.0 - ACTIVE FIRE

Aims of Fire Protections:

To protect building occupants from fire by

To protect building structures from severely

To protect building properties (furniture,

To avoid fire from spread out within the

Fire Hazards & Risks:

Smoke: Oxygen decreased – carbon

Smoke: Reduce visibility – expose to

Radiant Heat – 149 degree Celsius –

Fire grow very fast especially to

 Provide sufficient fire appliances access & fire hydrants to assist

 Designing sufficient and safe escape routes for the occupants of

 Subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by

 Designing & constructing the exterior of a building so that fire is

 Designing & installing building services so that they do not assist

• Extra light hazard – small residential (bungalows,

• Ordinary light hazard – other residential

• Ordinary medium hazard – public buildings

• Ordinary high hazard – places of assembly (halls,

• Ordinary special hazard – workshops, factories,

• Extra high hazard – explosive materials such as

• Group I - Small Residential

Passive fire protection is basically a planning matter and

Effective passive fire precautions represent good

All building more than 7000 cubic meter shall attach to

Road/Access width – minimum 20’ (Maximum width of

Maximum gradient to access is 1:12.

Minimum overhead clearance for access is 4m height.

Fire appliances turn-around requirements: T-turn,

The table in By-law 140 stipulates the

28000 – 56000 One fourth

56000 – 84000 One half

84000 – 112000 Three fourth

112000 and above Island site

One sixth perimeter appliance access

One fourth perimeter appliance access

One half perimeter appliance access

Three fourth perimeter appliance access

Island site perimeter appliance access

By-law 139 stipulates all fire risk areas (such

Totally separate the fire risk area from the

Separated by constructing fire rated

The spaces in the building are divided into smaller

•Restrict the movement of smoke.

•Optimize evacuation routes during fire.

•Accommodate different activities (Purpose Group) to

sprinklers are allowed to Other

double up the limit of Other Exceeding 28m 2000 5500

Shop Any height 2000 7000

Part II – Single storey building

Institutional Any height 3000 No limit

Any building (other than single storey) of a

By-law 137: Floor in Building exceeding 30 metres

In any building which exceeds 30 metres in

By-law 138: Other Compartment Walls & Floors

The following walls & floors shall be

• Any floor in building of Purpose Group II;

• Any wall or floor separating a flat from any part

• Any wall or floor separating part of the Building

• Any basement floor exceeding 100 square

By-law 149 – Horizontal & Vertical Barriers: