INTRODUCTION

OF
AIR TRANSPORT

Presented By:
Dr. Jitendra Gurjar
Assistant Professor

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Engineering College, Rewa
February -2019
CONTENT

• Introduction

• Aircraft and its Characteristics

• Airport and Its Component

• Classification of Airport

• Site Selection of an Airport

Introduction
• Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and
construction of terminals, runways, and navigation aids to
provide for passenger and freight service.
• Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must
account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their
design of airport facilities.
• These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind
direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size
of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing
tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones
in the entire port.
 What is an Airfield?

• It is an area where an aircraft

can land and take off, which
may or may not be equipped
with any navigational aids or
markings.
• Many grass strips are
also designated as
airfields.
What are Aerodromes?

• A defined area on land or

water (including any
buildings, installations and
equipment) intended to be
used either wholly or in
part for the arrival,
departure and surface
movement of aircraft.
What is an Airport?
• It is an aerodrome which is principally intended for
the use of commercial services.
• An airport is a facility where passengers connect from
ground transportation to air transportation.
• It is a location where aircraft such as airplanes,
helicopters take off and land.
• Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport.
• An airport should have runway for takeoffs and landings,
buildings such as hangars and terminal buildings.
 AIRCRAFT
• Any machine which finds its support in the
atmosphere due to reactions of the air is defined as
an “Aircraft”.
• It is a general term which includes aero-plane,
helicopter, rocket, etc. It may be lighter or heavier
than air.
a) Subsonic aircraft- Aircraft speed is less than the
speed of sound
b) Supersonic aircraft- Aircraft speed is greater
than the speed of sound.
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
• Type of Propulsion
• Size ofAircraft
• Speed ofAircraft
• Capacity ofAircraft
• AircraftWeight & Wheel Configuration
• MinimumTurning Radius
• Minimum Circling Radius
• Jet Blast
• Fuel Spillage
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Type of Propulsion
• The size of aircraft, its circling radius, speed characteristics,
weight carrying capacity, noise nuisance etc. depend upon
the type of propulsion of the aircraft.
• The basic runway length also depends on the type of
propulsion used in aircraft.
• Different types of propulsion used in aircraft are as follows:
o Piston Engine
o Jet Engine

o Ram Engine
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Size of Aircraft:
The Size of aircraft involves following important dimensions,
(i) Wing span-This decides the width of taxiway, size of aprons
and hangers.
(ii) Height-This decides the height of hanger gate and
miscellaneous installations inside the hanger
(iii) Wheel Base-This decides minimum taxiway radius
(iv)Tail Width-Required for size of parking and apron.
(v) Distance b/w Main gears i.e. Gear Tread
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Speed of Aircrafts
• The speed of aircraft can be defined in two ways. i.e. Cruising
speed or air speed.
• Cruising speed is the speed of aircrafts with respect to the
ground, when the aircrafts is flying in air at its maximum
speed.
• Air speed is the speed of aircraft relative to the wind.
• If the aircraft is flying at a speed of 500 kmph & there is a
head wind of 50 kmph, air speed will be 450 kmph.
 SPEED OF
AIRCRAFTS
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Aircraft Capacity
• The number of passengers, baggage & fuel that can be
accommodated in the aircrafts depends upon the capacity of
aircraft.
 AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Weight of Aircraft & Wheel Configuration:
• Weight of the aircraft directly influence the length of the
runway as well as the structural requirements i.e. the thickness
of the runway and taxiway.
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Minimum Turning Radius
• In order to decide the radius of
taxiway, its very essential to
study the geometry of turning
movement of aircraft.
• While taking a turn, the nose
gear is steered and therefore,
makes an angle with the axis of
the main gear, called angle of
rotation
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Minimum Turning Radius
• The point of intersection of main
gear and line through axis of
steered nose gear is called point of
rotation.
• The maximum angle of rotation is
50-60 ‫ﹾ‬
• The line joining the center of
rotation and the tip of the farthest
wing of the aircraft is known
minimum turning radius
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Minimum Circling Radius
• There is certain minimum radius with which the aircraft can
take turn in space.
• Its radius depends upon the type of aircraft, air traffic
volume & weather conditions.
• The radii recommended for different types of aircraft are as
follows.
o Small general aviation aircraft = 1.6 km
o Bigger aircraft = 3.2 km
o Piston engine aircraft = 13 km
o Jet engine aircraft = 80 km
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Jet Ballast
• This is the blast that comes out of
the jet engine at the rear of the
aircraft and provides the force
movement of the aircraft.
• But, if we consider it in case where
the aircraft is standing and the jet
blast is coming from the rear, that
is so hot and it creates a severe
condition for the things on which it
will be falling.
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Jet Ballast
• The severity is going to depend on two things;
o Height of the tail pipe from the round
o Angle of the tail pipe through which this jet blast will be
coming out at the tail end.
• If the jet blast is in the upward direction then it will go and if it
is in the downward direction it will create a pro effect on the
pavement on which the aircraft is standing and therefore there
is a need to erect the blast fences which can control the
damage to the building or damage to the pavement.
AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS
Fuel Spillage
• At loading aprons & shelter it
is difficult to avoid spillage
completely, but effort should
be made to bring it within
minimum limit.
• The flexible pavements are
seriously affected by the fuel
spillage.