Reproduction
4.1 SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Reproduction ????
Process of producing
new individuals from
living organisms
REPRODUCTION
SEXUAL ASEXUAL
Involves Does not Involve
reproductive reproductive cells
cells
THE IMPORTANCE OF
REPRODUCTION
Produce new generation
• different from its parents
Avoid death
• Shows genetic variation species
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
involve two parents
SPORE
BUDDING
FORMATION
BINARY
Division of a single parent cell
FISSION into two daughter cells. Eg:
Amoeba, paramecium
- Forming a bud on the organism’s
BUDDING body
- Starts off as a swelling
REGENERATION
Ability of the fragments of some
organisms to grow and develop into
PLANARIA completely new individuals
STARFISH
SPORE Spore (in sporangium) which is tiny
FORMATION and light get scattered by the wind
- Produce new plants from a vegetative part of
VEGETATIVE
plant
REPRODUCTION
- Vegetative part: roots, stem, bulb, leave
- Eg: carrot, onion, ginger, potato
4.2 HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Urinary
bladder
Seminal vesicle
prostate gland
Sperm duct
Urethra
scrotum
penis testis
TESTIS
Produce male
gametes (sperms)
and male sex
hormones
SCROTUM
Hold and protect
the testis
SPERM DUCT
Transport sperms
from testis to
urethra
SEMINAL VESICLE
Secretes nutritional
fluid for the sperms
PROSTATE GLANDS
Secrete fluid which
contains nutrients
and protects sperm
cell
URETHRA
Channel to
discharge sperm
and urine from the
body
PENIS
Transfer sperm into
vagina of the
female during
copulation
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Fallopian tube
uterus ovary
vagina cervix
OVARY
Produce female
gamete (ovum) and
female sex
hormones
FALLOPIAN TUBE
Place where
fertilization occur
(between sperm
and ovum)
UTERUS (WOMB)
Place embryo
develops and grows
CERVIX
Produce mucus
(enable sperm to
swim into the
uterus)
VAGINA
- receive sperm
- channel through
which a baby is
born
PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY
• Breast grow
• Hip become firm and broader
PHYSICAL CHANGES THAT OCCUR DURING PUBERTY
Ability to
Able to move Not able to move
move
Smallest cell in the
male’s body size Smallest cell in the
female’s body
4.3 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
menstrual cycle???
menstruation???
MENSTRUATION When women reach puberty
MENSTRUATION
Breakdown of the lining
of the uterine wall and
discharge of blood
through the vagina
FEMALE REPRODUCTION SYSTEM
Ovary and ovum
1. Controlled by the brain and endocrine system
- Secrete hormone
2. Lasts for 28 days (differs for each individual)
3. Factors that affect the menstrual cycle
• Nutrient intake
• Abrupt change in body weight
• Emotional changes and mental pressure
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
- Series of changes that
occurs in the uterine
wall and the ovaries
MENSTRUATION PHASE
day 1-5
- Uterine lining breaks down (menstruation)
- Discharged together (blood, unfertilized ovum and mucus)
2.
REPAIR PHASE
day 6-11
- Uterine lining starts to rebuild and thicken
- Blood vessels form
- Ready to receive implantation of fertilized ovum
3.
FERTILE PHASE
day 12-17
PREMENSTRUAL PHASE
day 18-28
- Uterine lining thicken/richly supplied with blood vessel
- if fertilisation occur Ready for implantation of an embryo
- If fertilization not occur menstrual cycle will repeat
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
Importance of personal hygiene
during menstruation
- Ensure reproductive
system is not infected
with microorganisms
like bacteria, virus and
fungi
1. Change sanitary pad 3-4 times a day
prevent infection of bacteria and virus
2. Menstruating women bathe frequently
IRREGULAR MENSTRUATION
(negative effect)
- Infertility (eg: ovarian cancer, uterus cancer)
- Difficulties in family planning
- Health problem (eg: anaemia)
4.4 FERTILISATION AND PREGNANCY
After
that ??
AMNIOTIC FLUID
AMNION Act as cushion to
Membrane that form a • absorb concussion
sac and contain fluid • Protect foetus from injuries
TWIN
BABY,
PLACENTA
AND
UMBILICAL
CORD
In this chapter, u will know:-
1. Communicate about
fertilization and
implantation
3. Development of
4.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A
FOETUS AND BABY
In this chapter, you will :-
1. Relate the importance of
taking nutritious food
during pregnancy to the
health of both mother and
foetus.
2. Justify the importance of
avoiding the intake of harmful
substances to the foetus
Same or
different
nutritional
requirement?
Nutritional requirement of
pregnant lady
• A pregnant woman must have a healthy
and balanced diet and take good care of
her health to deliver a healthy baby
• The calorie requirement for a pregnant
woman is higher
Foetus
obtain
nutrients
and oxygen
from the
mother
HEALTHY FOOD HEALTHY BABY
UNHEALTHY FOOD
UNHEALTHY BABY
ABNORMAL
FOETUS
Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein
CALCIUM
Iron
Vitamin C
Folic Acid
Fibre
Phosphorus
Calcium for:
• healthy formation
of foetus bones
• Protect
bones/teeth of
the mother
Recap Questions
What are the main nutrients needed by pregnant woman?
Carbohydrate, fat, protein, folic acid, vitamin C, calcium,
phosphorus, iron and fibre
What are the functions of the following nutrients ?
Carbohydrate & fat Provide energy for daily activities
Protein Growth of new cells of foetus
Fibre Prevents constipation
Iron Formation of haemoglobin to prevent
anaemia
Vitamin C For healthy skin & to prevent bleeding
gums
Folic acid Nervous system development
Calcium & Strong bones and teeth
Phosphorus
Can pregnant
woman do this?
Taking
drugs
Consuming
Smoking alcohols
Will affect
their babies
Low birth weight
Higher mortality rate
Premature baby
Retarded baby
miscarriage
• Foetal development may be
delayed
• Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
• The brain, nervous system and
the heart may be damaged
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome
Characteristics of a baby who suffers from Foetal Alcohol Syndrome:
• born with a low birth weight
• small head measurement
• retarded
• facial abnormalities
FOETAL DEFECTS
Recap Questions
The 3 harmful activities that a pregnant woman should
avoid is?
Taking drugs, Consuming alcohols & Smoking
impotent
Factor of sterility in
Abnormal uterus
Block in Fallopian Tube
Cannot
produce Tumor
ovum
Can prevent
ovulation
Methods of Contraception
2. Implants
Secrete the
hormone that
prevent ovary from
producing ovum
Methods of Contraception
3. Use of condom
Prevent sperm
from entering
the vagina
Methods of Contraception
4. Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD)
Some
might Some are
fall on brought by
soil pollinating
agents to the
stigma
POLLINATION – (self-
pollination)
Pollen grain
transferred to
the stigma (same
flower)
Pollen grain
transferred to
the stigma of
another flower
(same plant)
POLLINATION – (cross-pollination)
Flower’s characteristic
- big/colorful petal
- Have nectar/smell nice
- Rough/sticky pollen grain
durian rambutan
EXAMPLES
POLLINATION AGENTS
2. Wind
- Light pollen grain blown by the wind
- Reaches the stigma of another flower
Flower’s characteristic
- White/pale petal
- Long and furry stigma
- Plenty of small, smooth and light PG
- Long filament and style
grass
corn
EXAMPLES
paddy lalang
The Advantages of Cross-Pollinatio
- Combines genetic materials from two parent plants of the same species
• Sweeter fruits
EKSOTIKA • More flesh
CORN
Sweet corn
(Taiwan)
+
Sweet corn
(Mexico) • Sweeter
• bigger
• Higher
MASMADU resistance
PADDY
Siam-29
+
Pebifun
• More harvest
MALINJA • Ripe faster
Activity : Future Scientist
GMO food is not something new to everyone.
Especially now when you have learn about the
advantages of cross pollination. Just imagine that you
are a scientist now. You would like to invent a new
GMO food that has better quality. Which food will you
choose to upgrade and how would you do that ? Why
you choose the particular food ? Explain everything in
an essay form.
Fertilisation Process
- Male gamete
carried by the
pollen fuses
with the female
gamete in the
ovule
1.Pollen grain fall onto
stigma
2.Pollen tube carried
male gamete towards
ovary
3.Pollen tube penetrate the
ovule
4.Male gamete fuses with
female gamete
(fertilisation)
• After fertilisation, the ovule grows inside the ovary and then develops into seeds
• A seed is made up of an embryo wrapped in a seed coat or testa
• The other parts of the flower will wither and fall.
• Seeds are divided into two which are monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous
Structure of Seed and Their Function
- Ovule grows inside
ovarydevelop
into seed
- Other part of
flower wither
and fall
Protects the seed
Small hole to
allow air/water to
enter the seed Develop into
new shoot
• Water
• Air
• Suitable temperature
Homework