DASAR-IRIGASI

LABORATORIUM TEKNIK SUMBERDAYA

ALAM DAN LINGKUNGAN

PUSAT STUDI LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

BAMBANG RAHADI
  PERMASALAHAN LOKAL BRANTAS
Alih Fungsi Hutan lindung menjadi
lahan produksi menyebabkan :
.2007 : 170 mata air
HULU .2008 : 111 mata air
.2009 : 46 mata air (penurunan
debit dari 10 m – 5 m kubik/det TENGAH

Kerusakan bangunan
DAS BRANTAS Air (jembatan, tanggu
Banjir, saluran irigasi
Karena penambangan
pasir

Dibuangnya 330 ton limbah cair/hari

.60% limbah domestik (sanitasi, sampah, deterjen) HILIR
.30% limbah industri
.10% limbah pertanian & peternakan
 AIR PERMASALAHAN
 1990 : 338 juta orang di 28 negara
kekurangan air
 2000 : 1,3 M orang harus memperoleh air minum
dari air kotor
 2005 : 3,324 Juta orang mengalami kelangkaan air
 2050 : 4,386 Juta orang mengalami kelangkaan air
 Setengah dari sungai di dunia telah tercemar
ENERGI
1980-an emisi CO2 6 – 8,2 M Ton/Tahun
Dunia ekonomi sangat tergantung pada bahan baku fosil
Bahan baku fosil penyebab utama pemanasan global
dan polusi
Pemakaian energi meningkat 50 % Tahun 2002
Emisi CO2 menjadi 11,8 M Ton tahun 2025
Ancaman perubahan iklim
 PERMASALAHAN
KESEHATAN
 1 – 2 M orang tidak mendapatkan pelayanan
dasar kesehatan
 1, 3 M orang tidak mendapatkan air bersih
 1, 9 M orang tidak memiliki fasilitas
pembuangan kotoran manusia
 13 Juta balita meninggal
 ½ Juta Ibu meninggal waktu melahirkan
PERTANIAN
1980 – 1990 : Produksi makanan perkapita turun
di 72 negara dari 113 negara berkembang
25 Negara berkembang (Asia & Timur Tengah)
menanami 80 % lahan yang tidak cocok untuk
pertanian
2050 : hanya 0,11 Ha lahan olahan perorang di negara
berkembang
 PERMASALAHAN
KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI

Hilangnya habitat alami

Lebih dari 11 ribu spesies beresiko tinggi untuk punah
120 pengobatan modern berasal dari tanaman
Thailand 87 % hutan mangrove hilang
 Australia 95 % rawa payaunya hilang
Amerika Serikat 53 % rawa payaunya hilang

APA YANG AKAN KITA LAKUKAN ?

 APA“Ketahanan Pangan”?

 “People are "food secure" when they have

regular access (either through production
or purchasing power) to sufficient food
for a healthy and productive life”.

 “Security and stability in food supplies is

closely linked to success in water control.
Moisture control in the root zone
maximizes and stabilizes crop production
by ensuring that fluctuations in the soil
moisture do not result in stress to the
crop, thus fully realizing the benefits of
high-yielding varieties , fertilization, and
pest control.
 Tujuan utama irigasi

 Irrigation is the controlled

application of water to
croplands. Its primary
objective is to create an optimal
soil moisture regime for
maximizing crop production
and quality while at the same
time minimizing the
environmental degradation
inherent in irrigation of
agricultural lands.
 Pentingkah irigasi itu?

 Sumber Air Menurun

 Masa depan 35-45- tahun,
Kebutuhan pangan dunia
meningkat jadi 2 kali
dampak peningkatan
penduduk.
 70% air digunakan
untuk pertanian.
 70% peningkatan produksi
ditingkatkan dari irigasi.
 Prospek Irigasi untuk Pertanian dimasa
yang akan datang
 Only 50% of the water resources
needed for the next 35 years can be
met with technical interventions and
new projects.
 The other 50% have to be met by non-
technical means such as better and
more efficient water management.
This will require some technical
interventions such as better design
and rehabilitation. But most
important will be improved
operations, which depend primarily
upon the training and motivation of
skilled water users and effective
water management institutions.
 Kunci Pengelolaan Air
 Irrigation has two primary objectives: (1) to supply the
essential moisture for plant growth; and (2) to leach or
dilute salts from the soil.

 Irrigation water management deals with the frequency of

irrigation, depth of water to be applied, and measures to
increase the uniformity of applications.

 Irrigation management should be a set of practices

designed to maximize efficiencies and minimize the labor
and capital requirements of a particular irrigation system.
 Pemilihan metode irigasi untuk
optimasi pengelolaan
 Compatibility. The
irrigation system for a
field or a farm must be
compatible with the other
existing farm operations,
such as land preparation,
cultivation, and harvest.
 Level of Mechanization
 Size of Fields
 Cultivation
 Pest Control
 Pemilihan metode irigasi untuk optimasi
pengelolaan
 Economic Considerations. The
type of irrigation system
selected is also an economic
decision. Important costs
include:
 energy
 water
 land preparation
 maintenance
 labor
 taxes
 Pemilihan metode irigasi untuk optimasi
pengelolaan

 Topographic Limitations.
Restrictions on irrigation
system selection due to
topography include:
 groundwater levels
 the location and relative
elevation of the water
source,
 field boundaries,
 acreage in each field,
 the location of roads
 power and water lines and
other obstructions,
 the shape and slope of the
field
 Pemilihan metode irigasi untuk optimasi
pengelolaan
 Soil Characteristics. The
soil type usually defines:
 soil moisture-holding
capacity
 the intake rate
 effective soil depth
Air Tersedia ditanah dapat dihitung

Z = ΘZ1+ ΘZ2+ ΘZ3+........ ΘZ(n-1) +ΘZn

Kadar air 20%

0-20 cm Z=0,2 x200 + 0,15 x 200 +0,125 x200+ 0,1 x 400 = 135 mm

Kadar air 15%

20-40 cm

Kadar air 12,5%

40-60 cm

Kadar air 10%

60-100 cm
Tekstur FC(5) WP(5) Available( Available Available(
%) Mm/M in/ft)
Sandy 9(6-12) 4(2-6) 5(4-6) 85(70-100) 1,02(0,84-
1,02)
Sandy 14(10-18) 6(4-8) 8(-6-10) 120(90- 1,14(1,08-
Loam 150) 1,20)
Loam 22(18-26) 10(8-12) 12(10-14) 170(140- 2,04(1,68-
190) 2,28)
Clay Loam 27(25-31) 13(11-15) 14(12-16) 190(170- 2,28(2,04-
220) 2,64)
Silty Clay 31(27-35) 15(13-17) 16(14-18) 210(180- 2,52(216-
230) 2,76)
Clay 35(31-39) 17(15-19) 18(16-20) 230(200- 2,76(2,40-
250) 3)
 Pemilihan metode irigasi untuk optimasi
pengelolaan
Water Supply. The quality,
quantity, and temporal
distribution
characteristics of the
source of irrigation water
have a significant bearing
on the irrigation practice.
 Daerah Perakaran
Crop Z(m)
Tomatos 1,0-1,2
Vegetables 0,3-0,6
Citrus 1,0-1,2
Deciduous fruit trees 1,0-2,0
Crapes 1,0-3,0
 Pemilihan metode irigasi untuk optimasi
pengelolaan
 Crop Factors. Crop
characteristics that
influence the choice of
irrigation system are:
 The tolerance of the
crop during
germination,
development and
maturation to soil
salinity, aeration, and
various substances,
such as boron
 The magnitude and
temporal distribution
of water needs for
maximum production
 The economic value of
the crop
 Tipe Irigasi Secara Umum dibedakan Menjadi
3:

 Surface Irrigation
Furrow, Border,
Basin
 Sprinkle Irrigation
Center Pivot, Wheel
Line, Solid Set, etc.
 Micro, Drip, or Trickle
Irrigation
Drip, micro-
sprinkler, etc.
Kita Perlu Irigasi ! , Tetapi untuk masa depan
Kita Perlu Pengelolaan yang Baik!