Strabismus
Strabismus
Antagonis
Otot pada 1 mata bekerja saling berlawanan saat
mata bergerak ke arah tertentu
RM ~ RL
Peningkatan inervasi dan kontraksi pada satu
otot ekstraokuler akan diikuti dengan
penurunan inervasi dan kontraksi pada otot
antagonisnya
OD abduksi :
Rektus Lateral Kanan menerima inervasi yang
lebih tinggi sementar Rektus Medial Kanan
inervasinya berkurang
Dekstroversi
Levoversi
Supraversi
Infraversi
Dekstrosikloversi
Levosikloversi
Yoke muscles : 2 otot ( 1 otot pada tiap mata) merupakan
penggerak utama saat mata bergerak ke arah tertentu
Terdapat inervasi yang seimbang dan
simultan pada otot-otot sinergistik
sehubungan dengan gerakan mata ke arah
tertentu
A condition in which the visual axes of the eyes are
not parallel and the eyes appear to be looking in
different directions
The state of simultaneous vision, which is achieved
by the coordinated use of both eyes, so that
separate and slightly dissimilar images arising in
each eye are appreciated as a single image by the
process of fusion
Penglihatan tunggal yang dihasilkan oleh kedua
mata
Stereopsis
Fusion
Simultaneous perception
The most elementary type of binocularity
It occurs when the visual cortex perceives separate
stimuli to the two eyes at the same time
Terjadinya saling tumpang tindih 2 objek yang tidak
sama yang dilihat oleh masing-masing mata
Not only are the two images fused, but some effort is made
to maintain this fusion in spite of difficulties
Thus the second grade implies a motor response added to
simple sensory fusion.
Kemampuan menggabungkan bayangan yang diterima oleh
kedua mata menjadi bayangan tunggal
Fusi sensoris : oleh pusat penglihatan
Fusi motorik : oleh otot extra okuler
the highest type of binocularity
not only are the images of the two eyes fused, but
they are blended to produce a stereoscopic effect.
Persepsi kedalaman (3 dimensi)
Single vision
Stereoscopic vision / 3D
Confusion
Anomalous retinal
correspondence
Suppression
Amblyopia
Posisi primer
posisi kedua mata apabila seseorang melihat
lurus ke depan
Ortoforia: kedudukan BM sempurna tanpa
rangsang fusi
Heteroforia: ada tendensi mata untuk
berdeviasi bila fusi diblok
Heterotropia: deviasi manifes
FORIA TROPIA
Cenderung OS fiksasi
Hati-hati ambliopia OD
Strabismus alternans
A. OD Esotropia
B. Oklusi OS OD fiksasi
Di bawah okluder OS bergulir
ke nasal
C. Okluder OS dibuka
OD tetap fiksasi ; OS deviasi
Pseudoesotropia
Basic Exotropia
Distance and near deviation are
approximately equal
Divergence excess
Distance > near
Convergence insufficiency
Near > distance
Intermittent exotropia
Constant exotropia
Over half of cases of exotropia
Onset deviation: the first year; presented
by age 5
History: often progressively worse
No correlation with refractive error
Indication for surgery:
Increasing percentage of time the manifest
exotropia
Enlarging angle of deviation
Decreasing control for near fixation
Worsening in the patient’s measured distance and
near stereoscopic abilities
Bilateral lateral rectus recession: distance > near
Resect MR & recess LR : near > distance
Less common than intermittent exotropia
At birth; intermittent exotropia constant
Early onset suppression; late onset
diplopia
Surgery is nearly always indicated
Treatment of amblyopia
Occlusive therapy
Atropine penalization
Optical devices
Spectacles
Prism
Botulinum toxin: to paralyze the muscle
Orthoptics
Occlusive therapy
Good eye is covered
stimulate the
amblyopic eye
Full time and part time
occlusion
> 4 months no
improvement not
worthwhile
Recession
Resection
Weakening procedure
Muscle is detached from the eye resewn to the
eye a measured distance behind its original
insertion
Strengthening procedure
Muscle is detached from the eye
shortened resewn at the original
insertion
History
Laterality
Direction
Duration
Frequency
Modifying factors
Associated symptoms
Past ocular history
Past medical history
Family history
Examination
Visual acuity
Refractive error
Inspection and ocular examination
Angle of deviation
Sensory examination
Diagnose
Treatment
If I hear, I forget
If I see, I remember
If I do, I make it my own