Basic Computer Networks

L. Budi Handoko, M.Kom.

(handoko@dosen.dinus.ac.id /
handoko@dsn.dinus.ac.id)
Dian Nuswantoro University
Course Content (Syllabus)
1. Understanding about basic concept of (computer)
networks.
2. Understanding about network applications,
utilizations and future plans and technology.
3. Understanding about networks benefits and
liability on all aspect (social, education, economy,
security, etc.).
4. Understanding about networks structure,
achitecture, classification, devices and topology.
5. Understanding about networks reference or
standardization, now and then.
6. Understanding about security and the risk.
References
• Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 4th
Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003

• S.S. Shinde, Computer Network, New Age, 2009

• Libor Dotálek and Alena Kabelová,

Understanding TCP/IP, Packt, 2006
Grading Guidelines
• Middle Exam (20%)

• Final Exam (30%)

• Certification (20%)

• Assignments (30%), consisting :

▫ Individual Assignment
▫ Group Assignment
▫ Attendance
▫ Project or Challange (If Any...)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Basic Concept of Computer Networks)
• History (just read the books !!! We’re not on history
lesson !)
• Stand alone (What ???)
• Term for Computer (used to be) or Devices (gadget)
• Connect 2 or more devices or computers
• Functions ? (communications and using
available resources together)
• Location ? (no problem)
• Size ? (whatever)
• Benefits and liablity ? (hmm... let‘s see and break
them down together in the next session)
 Introduction to Computer Networks
(Terminology)
• The Unit used on nework
▫ bit (b) smallest unit to describe a bit to flow in the network for binary
data
▫ Byte (B) consisting from 8 bit in a byte
▫ For measurement can be combine with (from smallest to biggest unit) :
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
101 deka da 1027 xona X 1057 nena N
102 hecto h 1030 weka W 1042 sorta S
103 kilo k 1033 vunda V 1045 rinta R
106 mega M 1036 uda U 1048 quexa Q
109 giga G 1039 treda TD 1051 pepta PP
1012 tera T 1042 sorta S 1054 ocha O
1015 peta P 1045 rinta R 1057 nena N
1018 exa E 1048 quexa Q 1060 minga MI
1021 zetta Z 1051 pepta PP 1063 luma L
1024 yotta Y 1054 ocha O
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Terminology Continues)
▫ smallest unit :
Factor Name Symbol Factor Name Symbol
10-1 deci d 10-39 trekto td
10-2 centi c 10-42 sotro s
10-3 milli m 10-45 rimto r
10-6 micro µ 10-48 quekto q
10-9 nano n 10-51 pekro pk
10-12 pico p 10-54 otro o
10-15 femto f 10-57 nekto nk
10-18 atto a 10-60 mikto mi
10-21 zepto z 10-63 lunto l
10-24 yocto y
10-27 xonto x
10-30 wekto w
10-33 vunkto v
10-36 unto u
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Terminology Continues)
• BandWidth
• Transfer Rate
• Throughput
• Wi-Fi
• Concentrator (Hub, Switch,
Access Point for wireless)
• NOS (Network Operating
System)
• Autonomous System
• Hacking is not cracking
• Broadband
• WiMax (Worldwide
Interopeability for Microwave
Access)
• ISP (Internet Service Provider)
• NAP (Network Access Provider)
• Bit is not a byte
• IP Address (v4 and v6)
• Proxy
• Anonymous
• Network Operations Center
(NOC)
• DataCenter (DC)
• Disaster Recovery Center (DRC)
• E1, D3, STM1, STM2
• CGN / CGNat (Carrier-Grade
NAT)
• and more to come …..
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Terminology Continues)
• Honey-net / Honey-pot • Scalability
• OTT (Over The Top) • NMS (Network Management
• IoT (Internet of Things) System)
• Blockchain • SDN (Software Defined Network)
• CryptoCurrency • HCI (Hyper-Convergence
• DarkNet Infrastructure)
• Cloud Computing • ML-Networking (Machine
Learning)
• Fog Computing
• IDS (Intrusion Detection System)
• Edge Computing
• Cluster Computing
• Virtualization
• GRID Computing
• Containerization
• VoIP
• High Availability
• VoD
• High Performance
• CDN (Content Delivery Network)
• Bond / Bonding
• Load Balance
• Anything else ???
• Redundancy
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Advantages)
• In General
▫ Easiness (bussines, education, personal, social life,
informations, communications, entertaintment)
▫ Mobility (anywhere, anytime, high reliability)
▫ Efficiency (time, money, resources sharing)

• Network Administrator
▫ Good salary (really ???)
▫ Control other peoples (annoyed ??? just kick off...)
▫ Faster than others (conventional)
▫ Relax (enjoy your life, seriously ???)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Disadvantages)
• In General
▫ Psychology (lack of direct interaction)
▫ Personal information generally available (no more
secret)
▫ Socially (abuse, pornography, bullying, fraud)
▫ Cyberterorism, Cyberwar (please watch Die Hard 4 or
The Net)

• Network Administrator
▫ ERROR !!! (you’re become a fugitive, a lot of people
want to KILL YOU !!!)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Applications)
• Communication (e-mail, chat, im, voip, vicon)
• Resource Sharing (hardware and software)
• Information Sharing (files, databases)
• Cloud Computing (Offices, Bussiness)
• Cluster Computing (Super Computer)
• GRID Computing (Distributed processing)
• SAN (Storage Management)
• What do you need ? (Multimedia, Databases,
Security, Appliance, etc)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Applications – Further More)
• HCI (Hyper Convergence Infrastructure)
• SDN (Software Defined Network)
• ML-Based (Machine Learning)
• IoT (Internet of Thing)
• Blockchain (CryptoCurrency)
• Security, Network Management, Infrastructure,
etc.
• What do you think ? (Let’s get crazy on
everything, Think outside the box)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Classification - Medium)
Medium that can be use for data transfer, consist of :

• Wire
▫ Copper : AUI, Coaxial, Twisted Pair (UTP / STP)
▫ Fiber Optic : Regular / Dark, Single / Multi, Connector
: SC, ST, FC, LC, SMA, etc.

• Wireless
▫ Radio Frequency : Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Satellite, etc.
▫ Light : Infrared, Laser, Li-Fi, etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Classification – Scale)
• NFC (Near Field Communication)
Super small area were covered for this type. It’s about 1 meter persquare.
• PAN (Personal Area Network)
Very small geographical area. Usually using bluetooth for the connection
less than 25 metres per square (open space).
• LAN (Local Area Network)
Small geographical area (Room, Building or limited area like Campus)
within 10 km to a few hundreds km.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
Medium geographical area (City size).
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
Large geographical area (country, continent, entire planet)
• IPN (InterPlanetary Network)
Very Large geographical area, just like what it sound, it’s inter planet
network. (Seriouslly ??? Is the lecturer have a day dream ??? Just open
ipnsig.org if you interested)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Classification – Type / Service)
• Intranet
Closed group network with limited scale.

• Extranet
Semi closed group network with medium scale.

• Internet
Publicy open network with large scale.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Classification - Architecture)
• Client-Server
One side (node) act as a Client and another act
as a Server.

• Peer-to-Peer
All side (node) can act as a Client or / and as a
Server.

Notes :
Peer-to-Peer ≠ Point-to-Point
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Classification – Data Resource)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Topology - Diagram)
Network topology is
about how to define s
the way in which
computer, printer, and
others device are
connected.

A network topology
describes the layout of the
wire (or wireless) and
devices as well as the paths
used by data transmissions.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Topology – Type -> Bus)

• Commonly referred to as a linear bus, all the

device on a bus topology are connected by one
single cable. (coaxial cable with BNC connector
and terminator)
• Allows information to be directed from one
computer to the other. Lots of binary collision.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Topology – Type -> Star (or Tree ?)
• The most commonly used achitecture
in Ethernet LAN(s). Less collisions
and most efficient. Using twisted pair
cable and RJ45 connectort.
• Larger networks use the extended star
topology also known as tree topology.
• When used with network device that
filter frames or packets, like bridges,
switches, and routers, this topology
significantly reduces the traffic on the
wires by sending packets only to the
wires of the destination host.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Topology – Type -> Ring)
• A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node wants
to transmit data, it adds the data as well
as the destination address to the frame.
• The frame then continues around the
ring until it finds the destination node,
which takes the data out of the frames.
▫ Single ring – All the devices on the
network share a single cable. (upper
figure)
▫ Dual ring – The dual ring topology allows
data to be sent in both direction. (lower
figure)
• Disadvantage ? (use you logic !)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Topology – Type -> Mesh )

• The mesh topology connects all

devices (nodes) to each other for
redundancy and fault tolerance.
• It is used in WANs to interconnect
LANs and for mission critical
networks like those used by banks
and financial institutions.
• Implementing the mesh topology
is expensive and difficult.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Standardization)
• There are 2 important network architecture :
▫ the OSI (Open System Interconnection) reference
model, and
▫ the DoD reference model which known as TCP/IP
reference.
• TCP/IP reference is a simplification of OSI
reference.
• OSI models are widely use for discusing a
compter network.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Comparison of TCP/IP and OSI)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Model)

• A model defines the stages or tasks of a protocol

as it prepares to send data
▫ Open meaning standards available to all.
• The model is divided into seven distinct layers
• Each subsequent layer should perform a well-
defined function and the layer boundaries are
designed to minimize the information flow
across the interfaces
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Encapsulation)
User data

Appl header User data

TCP header Application data

IP header TCP header Application data

Ethernet header IP header TCP header Application data Ethernet tailer

Data Units and Function
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Layer 7 - Application)

• Defines the format in which data should be

received from or handed over to the applications
• Main function is to provides a user interface
(example : web browsers, e-mail clients)
• Includes file, print, database, app. services
• Contains a variety of protocols that are
commonly needed (examples : HTTP, SMTP)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Application)

• DNS (Domain Name System)

▫ DNS Server also known as Name Server
▫ Provide translation domain name to IP vice versa
▫ Domain name consist a strings separated by dot
▫ TLDs consist of gTLD and ccTLD
▫ Stored in name servers as RR (Resource Records)
▫ Using UDP Transport for query on port 53
▫ Using TCP Transport for zone transfer on port 53
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Application)
• WWW (World Wide Web)
▫ Consisting various of informations
▫ Using tools or application known as ‘Browser’
▫ Using HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) as the
protocol
▫ Using HTML (HyperText Markup Language) as
the primary session
▫ Using TCP as the transport on port 80
▫ Support for SSL Extension for secure connection
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Application)
• E-Mail (Electronic Mail)
▫ Communication device for personals or groups
▫ Support MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
▫ Using tools or applications known as Mail Client or WebMail
▫ Consisting from :
 MUA (Mail User Agent)
 MTA (Mail Transfer Agent)
 MDA (Mail Delivery Agent)
▫ Using TCP for the transport
▫ Protocol can be used are :
 Incoming (To receive the mail)
 POP3 (Post Office Protocol) operational on port 110
 IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) operational on port 143
 Outgouing (To send the email)
 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) operational on port 25
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Application)
• File Transfer (FTP - File Transfer Protocol)
• Remote Access (TELNET, SSH, RHOST, etc)
• NMS (SNMP - Simple Network Management
Protocol)
• File Sharing (SMB, NFS, etc)
• Storage (NAS, SAN exclude for DAS)
• AAA (RADIUS)
• Authentication Server (LDAP, KERBEROS, NIS, etc)
• NNTP, SIP, SMPP, DHCP, RTP, etc. (Can you
mention at least 25 others applications ???)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Layer 6 - Presentation)

• Main function is to present the data (example :

image, audio, video)
• Includes encryption, compression and
translation services
• Contains a variety of file types (examples : JPG,
AVI, MID, etc.)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Presentation)

• Nothing more to be discuss in here

• Just a bunch of file(s) format (.txt, .html, .jpg,

.avi, etc)

• Security and extension (MIME, TLS, SSL, etc)

• Merged with Application layer

Introduction to Computer Networks
(Layer 5 - Session)

• Main function is to facilitates exchange of data

between two (or more) applications (it serves as
a checkpoint and is involved in synchronizing
transaction, correctly closing files, handle
session, etc.)
• Keeps different applications data separated
• Protocols that functioning on this layer are NFS,
RPC, etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Session)
• iSNS (Internet Storage Name Service)
• L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
• PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
• NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System)
• SAP (Session Announcement Protocol)
• SOCKS (Internet Socket)
• SMPP (Short Message Peer-to-Peer)
• SCP (Session Control Protocol)
• ASP, L2F, PAP, RPC, RTCP, SDP, etc
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Layer 4 - Transport)
• The basic function is to accept data from the session
layer, split it up into smaller units if needed, pass
these to the network layer and ensure that the pieces
all arrive correctly at the other end
• Provides reliable delivery of data transmissions
• Performs error detection
• Includes end to end connection
• There are 2 kind of connection at this layer which is
▫ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
▫ UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Upper Layer - Transport)
• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
▫ Reliable
▫ Offers a stream service (unit of information is a byte)
• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
▫ Unreliable
▫ Offers a datagram service to the application (unit of
information is a messages)
• SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
• DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol)
• SPX (Sequence Packet Exchange)
• ATP, FCP, RDP, etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Layer 3 - Network)

• Main function is to ensures the data transfer

between two remote computers within a
particular WAN
• The basic unit of transfer is a datagram that is
wrapped (encapsulated) in a frame.
• Provides logical addressing
• Routing layer
Introduction to Computer Networks
(OSI Lower Layer - Network)

• Provide logical addressing (Internet

Protocol / Internetworking Packet
eXchange)
• Re-route the packets (Routing Information
Protocol, Border Gateway Protocol, etc.)
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
• IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
• IGMP (Internet Group Multicast Protocol)
• etc.
Introduction to Computer Networks
(Internet Protocol Address)

• The principal communication protocol used for

relaying datagrams (packets) across an
internetworking
• Controlling the operation of the subnet
• Responsible for routing packets across network
boundaries, it is the primary protocol that
establishes the Internet
• Versions : IPv4 and IPv6
Computer Networks
(TCP/IP Terminology)

• Network Address / Net ID

• Broadcast Address / Broadcast ID
• Netmask / Bitmask / Subnet Mask
• Host / Host ID / (Useable) IP Address
• NAT (Network Address Translation)
• NAPT (Network Address and Port Translation)
• CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
• VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)
Computer Networks
(TCP/IP Terminology Continues)
• Binary
base-2 number system, represents numeric values using two
symbols, 0 and 1
Example : 11000000. 10101000. 01011000. 00001000

• Decimal
base ten number system has ten symbol for numeral system 0-9
Example : 192.168.88.8

• Hexadecimal
base 16 is a positional numeral system with a radix, or base of 16. It
uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 0–9 to
represent values zero to nine, and A, B, C, D, E, F (or alternatively
a–f) to represent values ten to fifteen
Example : C0.A8.58.08
Computer Networks
(TCP/IP Terminology Continues)
• Anycast
a network addressing and routing
methodology in which datagrams
from a single sender are routed to
the topologically nearest node in a
group of potential receivers all
identified by the same destination
address.

• Broadcast
a method of transferring a message
to all recipients simultaneously.
Computer Networks
(TCP/IP Terminology Continues)
• Multicast
the delivery of a message or
information to a group of destination
computers simultaneously in a single
transmission from the source creating
copies automatically in other network
elements, such as routers, only when
the topology of the network requires it.

• Unicast
the sending of messages to a single
network destination identified by a
unique address
Introduction to Computer Networks
(IPv4 Compare To IPv6)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(IPv4)
• Classful addressing

• Have limited number of IP Address

• Have techniques to reduce addressing shortage

using :
▫ Subnetting
▫ CIDR
▫ NAT
Introduction to Computer Networks
(IPv4)
Introduction to Computer Networks
(IP Address Classification)
• Classification by class :
▫ Class A ▫ Class D
 Range 0 – 127  Range 224 – 239
 Publicly available  Reserved for
▫ Class B Multicasting
 Range 128 – 191 ▫ Class E
 Publicly available  Range 240 – 255
▫ Class C  Experimental (used
 Range 192 – 223 for research)
 Publicly available
Introduction to Computer Networks
(IP Address Classification)
• Netmask or network class :
▫ Class A
 Netmask : 255.0.0.0 (/8)
 Number of host 224 - 2 (16.777.214)
▫ Class B
 Netmask : 255.255.0.0 (/16)
 Number of host 216 – 2 (65.534)
▫ Class C
 Netmask : 255.255.255.0 (/24)
 Number of host 28 – 2 (254)
▫ Class D
 Netmask : 255.255.255.255 (/32)
 Number of host is 1
 Known as point-to-point
Introduction to Computer Networks
(IP Address Classification Continues)
• Classification by usages rules :
▫ Private
 Allocated for individual, research or NAT
 Can be used freely but not recognized in the internet
 Allocated IP’s or network’s are :
 10.0.0.0/8 (Class A)
 100.64.0.0/10 (Class A, Shared Address Space a.k.a. CGN)
 127.0.0.0/8 ( Class A and known as local loopback)
 169.254.0.0/16 (Class B and known as NetZeroConf)
 172.16.0.0/12 (Class B)
 192.168.0.0/16 (Class C)
▫ Public
 Allocated for publicly usage address on internet
 “Can not” be used freely and recognized in the internet
 Usage rugulation by IANA (AfriNIC, APNIC, ARIN, LACNIC, RIPE
and NCC)
IANA IPv4 Special-Purpose Address
Registry
Computer Networks
(IPv4 Subnetting and Supernetting)
• Subnetting
▫ Devide one large network into a few smaller network(s)
▫ Reducing broadcast domain
▫ Optimizing network performance
▫ Easy to manage
▫ Effective for large goegraphical scale network

• Supernetting
▫ Contain a few smaller network (subnets)
▫ Known as Classless Network (CIDR -> developed to provide
more granularity than legacy classful addressing; CIDR notation
is expressed as /XX)
▫ Used for large scale of network
▫ Using VLSM (an arbitrary length between 0 and 32 bits) for
deviding the addresses
Computer Networks
(Illustration Subnet and Supernet)