Sustainable Innovations in Waterless

Dyeing Using SCF Techniques

Deepkumar Sinojiya
Hrishikesh Chaudhari
Karan Tamboli
Pranav Badave
Introduction
 It is noticed that the textile industry is one of the biggest consumer of water.

 On average an estimated 100- 145 litter of water is needed to process 1 kg of

textile material.

 Although there have been efforts to reduce the water input , water usage is still
high in the textile industry.

 Above the critical point, carbon dioxide has properties of both a liquid and a
gas which is advantageous for dissolving hydrophobic dyes, and gas-like low
viscosities and diffusion properties, which can lead to shorter dyeing times
compared to water.
 Super Critical Fluid
 A super critical fluid is any substance at a temp. and pressure above its critical point
where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist.
 Commonly super critical fluids are highly compressed gases which combine properties
of gases and liquids.
 In addition, close to super critical point, small changes in pressure or temp. result in
large changes in destiny and allowing many properties of super critical fluid.
CO2 As Supercritical Fluid
 1. It is an inexhaustible resources.
2. It is use dose not release volatile
organic compounds
3. It is biodegradable as a nutrient for

CO2 plants.
4. There are no disposal issues. It can be
recovered and reused fro dyeing
Qualifications process.
5. It is nonflammable and non-
corrosive.
6. It is non toxic and low cost.
7. The critical point of the carbon
dioxide is well within the manageable
ranges (31c and 73 bar).
 Dyeing Mechanism
Step 1 Dye should soluble in super critical fluid of CO2

Step 2 Penetrate to the fibers (absorption)

Step 3 Adsorption of dye on fiber surface

Step 4 Diffusion of dye molecules into the fiber molecules

  Roll of fabric is inserted into the
cylindrical dyeing chamber on a
retractable carriage.

 In dyeing, CO2 is heated to 120◦c

and pressurized to 250 bar.

 CO2 penetrates synthetic fibers,

thereby acting as swelling agent and
Dyeing Process enhances diffusion of dye into the
fiber.

 In other words, glass transition

temperature of fiber is lowered by
the penetration of CO2 molecules
into polymer and dyeing is carried
out.
Dyeing Sample Results
Fastness value for Conventional Dyeing

Fastness value for SCF-CO2 Dyeing

Conventional Dyeing Vs. Supercritical Dyeing
Conventional Dyeing Supercritical Dyeing in CO2

1.Energy requirements are only

1. Energy requirements higher
around 20%

2.No question of waste water, dye

2.Large quantities of waste water
stays as powder. Dispersing,
with residual dye chemicals, etc.
levelling agents not needed

3.Dyeing, washing, drying times per

3. Much shorter
batch is generally longer.
4. Traditional Systems 4. Newer machines
  Water is not needed during coloration.

 Drying is not required due to gaseous

characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2).

 Save the environment by eliminating water

pollution.

 There no risk of explosion of boiler and

Advantages machine as the probability to use hard water.

 Dyeing occurs with high degree of levelness.

 CO2 easily recyclable in dying process as it

is obtained from natural resources.

 CO2 is non-toxic.

 Short time required.

  CO2 should take into the super critical
fluid state by maintaining the proper
temperature and pressure.

 High pressure and temperature is needed.

Disadvantages  Highly skilled manpower is needed.

 Investment cost high.

 Complex dyeing process.

The Future of Waterless Dyeing
As the demand for greener and higher quality textile products
continue to grow, the pressure on the textile industry to become
more environmentally sustainable rises. With technological
innovations such as waterless dyeing, the industry has taken a
leap forward in reducing its water consumption and
environmental footprint. While the ultimate environmental
impact of this innovation cannot be quantified at this stage, the
use of SC-CO2 in textile processing has set the industry on a
greener, more environmentally sustainable future.
Conclusion
Super critical fluid is an interesting subject and it is
under experiment. Every day or week or month new
applications of SCF is being introduced. There is a
vast literature reporting the results of solubility
measurements in supercritical fluids, but many
more combinations of solvents and solute remain to
be investigated.
THANK YOU !!