Osteology of
Facial bones
contents
• Introduction
• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Lacrimal bone
• Vomer
• Nasal
• Inferior nasal conchae
• Palatine bone
• Zygomatic bone
Osteology: The study of the skeletal system.
Bone is a specialized tissue of mesodermal origin
Bone formation – endochondral and
intra - membranous
• The human skeleton is divided into ------
.
• The skull consists of 22 bones
A) Calvaria or braincase consists of 8 bones
B) Facial skeleton is composed of 14 bones
Paired unpaired
1) maxilla 1) mandible
2) zygomatic 2) vomer
3) nasal
4) lacrimal
5) palatine
6) inferior nasal concha
Anterior Aspect of Facial Bones
Maxilla
2 Zygomatic bones
2 Lacrimal bones
2 Nasal bones
1 vomer
1 mandible
• The facial skeleton serves to house and protect the
speech.
MAXILAE
Ossification
• Two centers
one in maxilla proper and
second for the premaxilla
• It is the second largest bone of the face.
Assists in forming
• The boundaries of three cavities--roof of the mouth,
the floor and lateral wall of the nose and the floor of
the orbit
• Two fossa – infratemporal and pterygopalatine
• Two fissures -- inferiororbital and pterygomaxillary
Components
Each half of the fused maxilla consists of:
• The body of the maxilla
• Four processes
The zygomatic process
The frontal process of maxilla
The alveolar process
The palatine process
• Infraorbital foramen
The Body
(antrum of Highmore)
-- to the alveolar
border below the fossa is
attached a slip of the orbicularis
oris
-- above and a little
lateral to it, the nasalis arises
• Lateral to incisive fossa
-- depression, the canine
fossa, and is separated
from it by a vertical ridge,
the canine eminence,
--origin to the Caninus
• Above canine fossa --
infraorbital foramen,
the end of the
infraorbital canal --
infraorbital vessels and
nerve
• Above the foramen is
the margin of the orbit,
which affords
attachment to part of
.
the Quadratus labii
superioris.
• Medially -- limited by a deep
• second -- middle
alveolar nerve to the
premolar teeth
MEDIAL SURFACE
• Presents a large,
irregular opening
leading into the
maxillary sinus.
.
• At the upper border
of this aperture are
some broken air cells,
which, in the
articulated skull, are
closed in by the
ethmoid and lacrimal
bones.
• Below the aperture is a smooth concavity which forms
part of the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity, and
behind it is a rough surface for articulation with the
perpendicular part of the palatine bone
• Near the middle of
the posterior border -
--running obliquely
downward and
forward the
pterygopalatine canal
• In front of the opening of the
sinus is a deep groove, the
lacrimal groove, which is
converted into the nasolacrimal
canal, by the lacrimal bone and
inferior nasal concha; this canal
opens into the inferior meatus of
the nose and transmits the
nasolacrimal duct
Maxillary Sinus or Antrum of Highmore
• sinus opens into the middle meatus of the nose
roof -- floor of the orbit,and is traversed by
the infraorbital canal.
floor -- alveolar process of the maxilla
• A rough triangular
eminence, situated at the
angle of separation of the
anterior, zygomatic, and
orbital surfaces.
•In front it forms part of the
anterior surface
• It forms a considerable
than behind.
• Forms the anterior three-
fourths of the hard plate with
the palatine process of the
opposite bone.
Nasopalatine nerve
Alveolar Process
1) Segmental osteotomy
single tooth dentoosseous osteotomy
anterior maxillary osteotomy – bimaxillary
protrusion
posterior maxillary osteotomy—cross bite
,reposition supra erupted posteriors , close posterior open
bite by placing it inferiorly
2) Total maxillary surgery – lefort 1 osteotomy
1) external surface
• Quadrilateral in shape
• Two surfaces,
• Four borders, and
• Two processes.
Surfaces
lateral surface
Inferior border
•articulates with the crest
formed by the maxilla and
palatine bones
anterior border
Six bones:
2 cranium – sphenoid
ethmoid.
• Two surfaces
four borders
Surfaces
Outer surface
cranial bones.
two borders
two extremities
Surfaces
medial surface
• convex perforated by numerous apertures, and
traversed by longitudinal grooves for the lodgement of
vessels.
lateral surface
• concave and forms part of the inferior meatus
Borders
Upper border
Inferior border
• Free, thick, and cellular in
structure, more especially in the
middle of the bone
PALATINE BONE
• Resembles the letter L
perpendicular plate
• 3 processes -- pyramidal
Orbital
sphenoidal
• articulates with -- sphenoid
ethmoid
maxilla
inferior nasal concha
vomer and
opposite palatine
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Ossification
• Eighth week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life.
• small and quadrangular
• situated at the upper and
lateral part of the face
• forms --prominence of the
cheek
-- part of the lateral wall
and floor of the orbit
-- parts of the temporal
and infratemporal fossae
It presents
• Two surfaces
Malar and temporal
Four processes,
Frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and
temporal
• Four borders.
Surfaces
malar surface
• convex -- perforated near its
center by zygomaticofacial
foramen -- zygomaticofacial
nerve and vessels; below this
foramen is a slight elevation,
which gives origin to the
Zygomaticus
Temporal surface
• Directed posteriorly and medially -- concave rough, triangular
area, for articulation with the maxilla
antero-superior or orbital
• smooth, concave, and forms a
considerable part of the
circumference of the orbit.
antero-inferior or maxillary
• rough, and bevelled at the
expense of its inner table, to
articulate with the maxilla;
near the margin it gives origin
to the Quadratus labii
superioris
postero-superior or temporal
• curved -- is continuous above with the
commencement of the temporal line, and below with
the upper border of the zygomatic arch ,the temporal
fascia is attached to it.
postero-inferior or zygomatic
• Affords attachment by its rough edge to the Masseter
Articulations
• four bones
-- frontal,
sphenoidal,
temporal, and
maxilla.
REFRENCES
• Grays anatomy
• Inderbir singh – osteology
• Bd chaurasia -- anatomy
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