BOUNDED SEQUENCE

A sequence <an> is said to be bounded iff

there exist
k,K Е R such that –k ≤ an≤ K for every n E N
OR

A sequence <an> is said to be bounded iff there

exist K E R+ such that │an │≤ K for every n E N
-K ≤ an ≤ K
MONOTONIC CONVERGENCE THEOREM (MCT)
 EVERY MONOTONIC AND BOUNDED SEQUENCE
CONVERGES.
 Every monotonically increasing and bounded
above sequence converges.
EXAMPLE : <1/2 , 2/3 , 3/4,-- -- -- -- --- -- -- > → 1
<0.9 , 0.99 , 0.99, --- ---- ---- ---> → 1
Monotonically ↑ and bounded above = converge
 Every monotonically decreasing and bounded
below sequence converges.
EXAMPLE : <1/2 , 1/3 , 1/4 , -- -- --- --- --- --- -- > → 0
Monotonically ↓ and bounded below = converge
• <2,2,2,2,-- --- --- -- --- --- --- >→ 2 = converges
PROOF OF MONOTONIC CONVERGENCE THEOREM
M.C.T : Every monotonic and bounded sequence
converges.
PROOF : CASE 1 :Without loss of generality , Let <a n> be
monotonically increasing and < an > is bounded.
Therefore, S = {an E R , n E N }
Set S is non empty and bounded so by order
completeness theorem its supremum exist.
Let <Sup. an > = L
L is an upper bound of < an >
< an > ≤ L for every n E N
Eqn 1 → < an > < L+ε for every n E N
Also, L is least upper bound of < a n >
Hence, L-ε is not an upper bound of < a n >
There exist no E N such that
Eqn 2 → ano > L-ε
CONTINUED.

We are given < an > is monotonically increasing,

.

Therefore, < ano > ≤ < an > for every no ≤ n ← Eqn 3

From eqn 2 & 3
an ≥ ano > L-ε
Therefore, an > L-ε ← Eqn 4
From eqn 1 & 4
L-ε < an < L+ ε for every n ≥ no
│ an -L│ < ε for every n ≥ no
< an > → L
CASE 2 : Without loss of generality , Let < an > be
monotonically decreasing & < an > is bounded.
S = {an E R for every n E N }
Set S is non empty and bounded. So, by order
completeness theorem.
Let, Inf.< an > = M
 M is a lower bound of < an >
CONTINUED..

an ≥ M for every n E N
Eqn 1 → M-ε < an for every n ≥ no
Also, M is greatest lower bound of < an >
M+ε is not a lower bound of < an >
There exist no E N such that
Eqn 2 → an < M+ε
We are also given that < an > is monotonically decreasing.
Therefore, ano ≥ an <M+ε ← Eqn 3
From eqn 2 & 3
an ≤ ano < M+ε for every n ≥ no
Therefore, an < M+ε for every n ≥ no ← Eqn 4
From eqn 1 & 4
M-ε < an < M+ε for every n ≥ no
Therefore, │ an -M│<ε for every n ≥ no
< an > → M HENCE
PROVED