Problems :

1. Content and title do not match.

2. Introduction is not definite enough.
3. Content is not clear and is developed while writing resulting
in a very confused set of statements.
4. Ideas keep popping up everywhere in the document without
proper structure.
5. Structure of paragraph is incorrect. Too many ideas expressed
in a paragraph.
 Not answering the questions ? Why ?

 Misunderstands question and gives irrelevant information

 make sure the content matches the question
 need to analyze the question & determine what is
 being asked

 Writes relevant information in an unstructured manner

 use introduction to describe the question
 outline the term paper in introduction
 paragraphs in the essay should be linked logically to
form the complete picture
Steps
Steps to
to analyze
analyze ::

• locate key issues

• writes the question about the information
• pay attention to certain words which tell you what is required
Example:
Example:
Explain Write about the topic & add illustration if needed
State Express idea briefly & to the point
No details, examples or illustration
Outline Present info in outline form that shows relationship of the main
headings to specific information
Compare Comparison showing similarities @ dissimilarities
Discuss Write in full & detail, include analysis of the problem
& consideration of both sides of any possible argument
Illustrate Clarify an idea by presenting a diagram, figure @ specific
example
Enumerate Write points one by one, in a list @ in outline form, must be
concise
Criticize Express own judgement using critical evaluation, bring out the
good & the bad points
4 types of written text : •
Tells a story.
•Moves through a sequence of events.
Narrative text •Deal with resolution of a problem.
•May include dialog.
Descriptive text

Argumentative text

Expository text
 Narrative Writing
• In most cases, it moves in an orderly fashion
through a sequence of events (chronological order)
• Chronological structure is used to describe events,
emotions and ideas as they occurred to the writer in
the time sequence
• If often deals with the resolution of a conflict or
problem, and it frequently builds a sense of tension
or suspense
• Commonly used in novels, short stories, histories,
biographies, etc
Example of Narrative Writing

Peter Raj comes from a little town in Malaysia.

For years he kept a large and prosperous fruit
store under the Chow Kit overhead bridge near
the Rex theatre. A few years ago, however, he
had some breathing difficulties and was not able
to work anymore. He sold his business and put
the money into the share market.
4 types of written text :

Narrative text
•Describes a person, place, thing, event
•Appeals to the reader’s senses
Descriptive text
•Describe something according to
Argumentative text physical location

Expository text
 Descriptive Writing
• It serves a word picture and appeals to one or
more of the reader’s senses--sight, smell,
taste, touch or hearing
• DW is developed by describing something
according to where things are physically
located, where they are in the surrounding
environment - Spatial Order
Example of Descriptive Writing

On the outskirts of a little town upon a rise of

land that swept back from the railway there was
a tidy house of white boards, trimmed vividly
with green blinds. To one side of the house
there was a garden neatly patterned with plots
of growing vegetables, and a shelter for the
grapes which ripened late in August.
4 types of written text :

Narrative text

Descriptive text •Attempts to persuade reader to accept

a particular idea, adopt an opinion or to
Argumentative text take certain action
•Deals with controversial material
Expository text •Must present facts, stating reasons,
giving examples or relating incidents
 Argumentative Writing
• This type is appropriate for a Term Paper in which you
are asked to use a pro-or-con approach where you are
expected to approve or disapprove a particular theory
• The Term Paper or exam questions will probably use
the words “Discuss ….”
• The writer has to work out an order themselves in
arranging their material
Example of Argumentative Writing

Colleges and universities offer a wide range of

courses for distance learning such as management,
Law and even tailoring. In distance learning, people
can take up a course without quitting their jobs.
Furthermore, one does not need to relocate to a new
place, and therefore saves on expenses like
accommodation and transport.
4 types of written text :

Narrative text

Descriptive text
•Explain as clearly as possible
•Balanced, straightforward approach to
Argumentative text
the subject
•Definite introduction, body and
Expository text
conclusion
•Use specific details and examples
 Expository Writing
• Like AW, there is no natural or obvious way
of arranging the material
• The most common way in developing
paragraph requires using specific details and
examples
• This kind of writing is used in scientific
report, textbooks and term papers.
Example of Expository Writing

A heart attack is the death of heart muscle from

sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
Blockage of a coronary artery deprives the heart
muscle of blood and oxygen, causing injury to the
heart muscle. If blood flow is not restored within
20 to 40 minutes, irreversible death of the heart
muscle will begin to occur. Muscle continues to die
for 6 - 8 hours at which time the heart attack usually
is “complete”.
1. Identify tasks and sub-tasks
2. Fix duration for each task and prioritize them
3. Plot the tasks on the schedule
4. Execute the tasks
1. Narrowing topic
2. Gather materials
3. Reading and taking notes
4. Planning and writing
5. Prepare final copy
4 parts :

• cover page Introduction

• essay Body
• reference list Conclusion
• appendixes
Justifies the genuineness of
research information
 The Introduction
• An introductory p/graph should introduce the
topic (as it is the first thing that a reader sees). It
should inform the reader of the topic being
discussed.
• Should indicate generally how the topic is
going to be developed
• Should indicate whether the essay is going to
discuss causes, effects, reasons or examples
• Contains thesis statement
 The Body
• Usually contains various development
paragraphs that explain, illustrate,discuss &
prove the thesis statement.

The Conclusion
• The concluding p/graph wraps up the
discussion, bringing the development to a
logical end
 Steps To Writing Term Paper

• Formulating a thesis statement -- needed for

determining the extent of coverage of the
essay (the scope)
• The essay will later be controlled by one
central idea
Thesis statement :

One-sentence summary of the conclusions

you have reached.
Contains an expression of an attitude,
opinion or idea about the topic

2 characteristics :
• must be a complete sentence
• must make an assertion
 3 steps to write a thesis statement :

1.1.Use
Usequestions
questionstotodevelop
developthe
thethesis
thesis
statement
statement
2.2.Write
Writedraft
draftofofthe
thethesis
thesisstatement
statement
3.3.Write
Writethe
thefinal
finalthesis
thesisstatement
statement
 Guidelines To Formulate
Thesis Statement

• It’s a complete statement

• Expresses an opinion, attitude or idea
• Expresses an opinion, not a fact
• Should express only one idea toward the topic
Guidelines to Formulate Topic

• Identify three discovery techniques:

– Brainstorming
– Free Writing
– 5Ws (Who, What, When, Where, Why)
 Outlining The Content
• The outline may be either a sentence outline
or a topic outline
• In a sentence outline, all headings and
subheadings are expressed in complete
sentences
• In a topic outline, they are merely brief
phrases or singles words
 Example
How expensive it can be to buy a car?

 Thesis Statement
Owning a car can mean spending a good amount of
money because it involves various expenses
 Outline
Cost of the car
Finance charges for loan on the car
Fuel to keep the car running
Maintenance of the car
 Example
Paragraph:
 Explain process by breaking it
• Step-by-step
down into a series of small parts
(Process Analysis)
• Definitions
• Cause and effect
• Examples
• Reasons
• Compare and contrast
• Step-by-step
Tells what something is or isn’t or
• Definitions what it does
• Cause and effect
• Examples
• Reasons
• Compare and contrast
• Step-by-step
• Definitions
Explain why something happened
• Cause and effect and what the result was
• Examples
• Reasons
• Compare and contrast
• Step-by-step
• Definitions
• Cause and effect
Help clarify and strengthen the main point
• Examples Explain why something happened and
• Reasons what the result was
• Compare and contrast
• Step-by-step
• Definitions
• Cause and effect
• Examples
Answer the question why? They
• Reasons provide specific information to
• Compare and contrast back up a general statement
• Step-by-step
• Definitions
• Cause and effect
• Examples
• Reasons
• Compare and contrast
Compare and contrast presents
similarities and differences
1. Adding Footnotes
• Define, state purpose, state the need for a footnote
• When to use ?
 with specific material
 with someone else’s opinion or theory
 contradictions
 statistics not widely known
2. Creating bibliography
• name of book, newspaper, magazine should be in italics,
name of article should be in normal text
• include page numbers
• in alphabetical order according to author’s last name
•more than one work by the same author should be
alphabetical order of the book title.
• should not be numbered
•Elements of a bibliography:
Title Information
Author
Publisher
Publication Date
Publication Place
3. Creating appendix
• put materials in a special section
• provided for reference at the end of term paper
• Term Paper normally have tables, charts, diagrams,
or other statistical tables which are not included in
the BODY of the term paper

4. Revising your work

• judging content
• check the organization
• polish your style
• review basics
 Writing Issue

• Plagiarism - using other people’s works/ideas

without citing their name on your report or
proper permission
 How to avoid Plagiarism

• There are a number of establish formats which specify how

you should credit your sources.
• The term paper for UNITAR should follow the
APA (American Psychological Association) style.
• APA compiled a manual of rules on how to prepare manuscripts
for publication.
• In APA style, you credit your sources through the reference
citation in text and the Reference List.
 Reference List / Bibliography

1. Book

• Example :

Nicol, A. A. M., & Pexman, P. M. (1999).

Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating
tables. Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.

Author’s name (Publication date). Title information.

Publication place : Publisher.
2. Journal
Fine, M. A., & Kurdek, L. A. (1993). Reflections on
determining authorship credit and authorship order on
faculty-student collaborations. American Psychologist,
48, 1141-1147.

Author’s name (Publication date). Title of Article.

Title of Journal, Volume number, page number (s).
3. Newspaper

(no author)- New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death

from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The Washington
Post, p. 12.

(discontinuous pages)
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects
economics, Social Status. The Washington Post, pp.1, 5.

Author’s name (Publication date). Title of Article.

Title of Newspaper. Page number (s).
4. Magazine article
Posner, M. I. (1993, October). Seeing the mind. Science,
pp. 673-674

. Reference List entry for an Internet source.

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions

to optimize health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3,
Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000,
from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
Examples of Citation :
 Appendix

• Created after Reference List.

• To add as a supplement.
• Need to put the nice-to-have information in the Appendix
in order to avoid disrupting the flow of the thought in your essay.

Types of information that go into the appendix

• Tables and figures which are very large or too detailed.

• Notes on the method of research used.
• Copies of questionnaires used in the research.
• Long case studies.
• Very lengthy quotations, supportive legal decisions or laws.