p8 Alkaloid Rev 2016
p8 Alkaloid Rev 2016
B) SUFIKS:
dina: isomerisme spt pd alkaloid kina, kinidina dan
sinkonidina mrpk isomer optik dari kinin and
sinkonina.
Fakta mengenai alkaloid:
NH
O
O
Keberadaan:
Umumnya terdapat dalam bentuk garamnya
dengan asam organik atau anorganik atau
dalam kombinasi dengan asam tertentu
Gula-O
Keberadaan:
•Terdapat tidak di semua famili tumbuhan
•Monocotil: terbanyak di Liliaceae dan Amaryllidaceae
•Dicotil: terbanyak di Apocynaceae, Papaveraceae,
Fabaceae
•Terdapat dalam jumlah sangat kecil (ppm) dalam
Catharanthus roseus sampai dengan 15% dalam kulit
batang Cinchona ledgeriana
•Dapat ditemui pada bakteri, algae, fungi dan lichen
•Contoh: pyocyanin dari P. aeruginosa; ergolin dari
Claviceps
•Terdapat juga pada hewan: Bufo, salamander, arthropod
•Terdpt pada cod liver oil (perasan hati ikan laut Gadus
Umumnya merupakan campuran kompleks
dari jalur biogenesis yang sama, yang
didominasi salah satu konstituen
BM 100-900
Pengaruh asam
Asam kuat dalam keadaaan dingin/ asam
lemah
dengan pemanasan menyebabkan
perubahan struktur kimia
Chemical properties
The substitution on the nitrogen atom
R2 R2
NH2 H + R3
N
R N N
R R2
R R3 R R4
Cl-
1ry 2ry 3ry
quaternary
H3CO
OCH3
Mescaline
H
N
NMe
N
N
N N N
H H H
indole NMe
indolizidine imidazole
aporphine
HO HO 8
9
N N
H H H
H3CO H
H3CO
N N
Quinine Quinidine
N N
Me Me
OH H CH2OH
O
tropine O
(-) hyoscyamine
Me
O H CH2OH
O
N
H
pelletierine
EFEK FARMAKOLOGI
ALKALOID
1. Analgetik dan narkotik : morfin
2. Alkaloid jantung : alkaloid kinidin dan
spartein (Erytropleum guineense)
3. alkaloid yg mempengaruhi peredaran
darah dan pernafasan : Veratrum,
Rauwolfia (hipotensi), lobelia (lobelin
murni obat asma)
4. kemoterapetik dan antiparasit (kina,
areca dan granatum (anticacing),
5. stimulan uterus : secale alkaloid
(Hydrastis), alkaloid benzilisokinolin
(berberis)
6. anastetik lokal (cocain)
7. midriatika : belladona dan alkaloid coca.
AlkaloidTropan
Ester alkaloid : asam organik + amino alcohol (Basa).
The parent base is the “Tropane” base.
H
N
1
7 2
NH
6 5
4
3
Terdapat:
Atropa, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Duboisia spp.
Atropa belladona, Datura metel, D. Stramonium, H. niger
Alkaloid utama:
1- Atropine.
2- Hyoscyamine.
3. Hyoscine (Scopolamine).
Atropine & Hyoscyamine
Hyoscyamine is the major natural alkaloid with
negative optical rotation (l- form).
During extraction hyoscyamine racemizes to the
optically inactive dl Atropine.
Both alkaloids composed of tropine base and tropic
acid.
Tropic Acid N
Me N
H CH 2OH Me CH 2OH
NCH3 O
O
O
*
O
Tropine base O OH O
(-)-Hyoscyamine Atropine
Hyoscine (Scopolamine)
Hyoscine is an ester of l-tropic acid with scopoline
base.
Hyoscine is a syrupy liquid.
Tropic Acid
O NCH3 O
Scopoline base O
OH
Khasiat dan aksi farmakologi:
The three Alkaloids are anticholinergic agents:
Decrease saliva and GIT secretions so used preoperative.
Decrease motility of smooth muscles so used as
antispasmodics.
Stimulate respiratory system.
A mydriatic (causes dilatation of the eye pupil).
Occurrence:
Coca leaves contain about 2% total alkaloids.
O
Main Alkaloids are: C
OH
N
1- Cocaine. H3C OH
2- Cinnamylcocaine.
3. a- truxilline. Ecogonine
COOMe
NCH3 O
Benzoic acid
Ecgonine base
O
Production of Cocaine commercially:
The total Alkaloids are hydrolysed to obtain the free base.
The base is then Methylated with HCl in MeOH.
The Methylated base is then esterified with Benzoly
chloride.
Cinnamylcocaine
COOMe
NCH3 O
Cinnamic acid
Ecgonine base O
Uses:
Cocaine was used as local anesthetic.
Cocaine has a CNS stimulant activity so is
one of the widely abused drugs.
Chatarantus roseus / Vinca
Fam: Apocynaceae
Kandungan Kimia:
Alkaloid indole :
1. Vincristine
2. Vinblastine
3. Vindoline (inert)
4. Catharanthine (inert)
Kegunaan:
Anti-neoplastic activity (anti tumer)
Used for treatment of leukemia in children.
Medications
1. Vincristine ®-Vials- Abic
2. Oncovin® - Vincristine – Vials-Lily
3. Velbe ® -Vinblastine – Vials-Lily
(Hodgkin´s disease )
4. Blastovine® -Vinblastine-Teva –
Vials.
All of these drugs present as
sulphate salts.
Main slide
ALKALOID DELIMA
(Punica granatum)
Fam : Punicaceae
Simplisia: Granati cortex
Kandungan Kimia:
Alkaloid cair mudah
menguap 0,5-0,9%, t.u.
Peletierina,
pseudopeletierina, tanin
22%.
Kegunaan : anthelmintika
ALKALOID PIPER
Piper nigrum L.
Fam : Piperaceae
Kandungan kimia:
Minyak atsiri, piperina
dan piperetina dan resin
Kegunaan:
Mengobati GO, bronkitis, bumbu rempah
PUSTAKA
Soegihardjo, C.J., 2013, Farmakognosi.
Woolley, J.G., 2001, Plant alkaloids