STEEL-CONCRETE

COMPOSITE COLUMNS

Prof S R Satish Kumar

Dept. of Civil Engineering
IIT Madras, Chennai 600036
1
 Filled and Encased Columns

Concrete filled hollow sections

Fully and partially concrete-encased columns

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 2
 ADVANTAGES OF COMPOSITE
COLUMNS
• increased strength, good fire resistance.
• corrosion protection in encased columns.
• significant economic advantages over steel or
reinforced concrete.
• increased stiffness — reduced slenderness and
increased buckling resistance.
• identical cross sections for different load and
moment resistances
• efficient erection of high rise building

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 3

 Concrete-Filled Tubes (CFT)

fc
confined

fck
unconfined

Advantages: 
Confined concrete
Strength and Ductility of Steel

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 4

 DESIGN METHOD
• Resistance of cross-section to compression

 Encased steel sections and concrete filled rectangular /

square hollow sections:-

Pp = As.fy /  m + c A c. 0.8f ck /  c +ASt .f st /  mst

c = strength coefficient for concrete (1.0 for filled

tubes 0.85 for fully or partially encased sections)

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 5

 Concrete Steel Reinforcement
Þck= 0.4fck Þy=0.87fy Þsk= 0.6fy

Pp

Stress distribution of the plastic resistance to

compression of an encased I section

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 6

  Concrete filled circular hollow sections

 t fy 
Pp  A s η 2 fy /  m  0.8 A c c fck 1 η1. .  /  c  A st fst /  mst
 d fck 

where

t thickness of the circular hollow section

e eccentricity = M / P

there is an increased resistance of concrete by

about 15% due to the confining effect of the
circular tubular section in stocky columns
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 7
 1 and 2 coefficients accounting for increase in
plastic resistance, given by

for λ  0.5 and e  M/P  d

10
 10e 
η 1  η 10 1 
 d 


η 2  η 20  1  η 20  10 e
d
for λ  0.5 and e  d
10
η1  0 and η2  1.0
value of 10 and 20 given in next slide
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 8
 Basic value of 10 and 20 for the effect of triaxial
confinement in concrete filled circular hollow sections,
applicable for concrete grades (fck)cy = 25 to 55

  0.0   0.1   0.2   0.3   0.4   0.5

10 4.90 3.22 1.88 0.88 0.22 0.00

20 0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 9

 Non-dimensional slenderness

P pu
 
Pcr
where

Ppu plastic resistance of the cross- section with

a =  c= s = 1.0

Pcr elastic buckling load

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 10

P

 =P / Pp
Pp Pcr

(l/r) Slenderness  Pp/Pcr

ratio

(a) : Idealized column (b) Non-dimensionalised

buckling curve column buckling curve

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 11

 Check for Local Buckling of Steel Sections
d 2
 85  for concrete filled circular hollow sections
t

h
 50  for concrete filled rectangular hollow sections
t
b
 42  for partially encased I sections
tf

where
250

fy

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 12

 Check against Critical Buckling Load

Elastic critical buckling load, Pcr

 2 EI e
Pcr 
 2

where
(EI)e effective elastic flexural stiffness

 buckling length

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 13

 Effective Elastic Flexural Stiffness
Two design rules

Short term loading

(EI)e = Es Is + 0.6 Ecm Ic + Est Ist
Ecd = Ecm / c
Ecm secant modulus of the concrete
c = 1.35 (according to Eurocode 2)

Long term loading

Important only when Leff / D >15 or e = M /P  2 or non-
dimensionalized slenderness exceeds limits given in
next table.
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 14
 (2) when non - dimensional slenderness exceeds the
limits given below

Limiting values of  for long term loading

Braced Unbraced
Non-sway and/or sway
systems systems

Concrete encased 0.8 0.5

cross-sections
Concrete filled 0.8 0.5
cross sections 1-  1- 

Aa  ( f y /  m )
where  
Pp

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 15

 When e/d<2 and when  exceeds limits given in
Table-6, the modulus of elasticity of the concrete Ec
is defined as

 0.5 Pdd 
Ecs  0.75 Ecm 1  
 P 
P = applied load;

Pdd= part of P acting permanently

Long term effect may be ignored If > 0.2 and

 > 0.6 for braced and  > 0.75 for unbraced 16
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 Resistance of Members to Axial
compression

PP <  PP

P design axial load

Pp plastic resistance
 reduction factor due to column buckling

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 17

 = P/Pp

1.0 a
b
c

0 P pu
0.2 1.0 2.0
0 
Pcr
Revised IS 800 Buckling Curves

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 18

curve a for concrete filled hollow sections

curve b for fully or partially concrete encased

I-sections buckling about strong axis

curve c for fully and partially concrete encased

I-sections buckling about the weak axis

Mathematically these curves are described as

1
 but   1.0
   2  2
where
  0.5  1   (   0.2 )   2 

 


Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 19

 Imperfection Factor  for the Buckling Curves

European a b c
buckling
curve
Imperfection 0.21 0.34 0.49
factor 

The isolated non-sway composite

columns need not be checked for
buckling, if

(a) The axial force in the column is

less than 0.1 Pcr
(b)  < 0.2
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 20
 STEPS IN DESIGN

Columns with Axial Load

• Design Steps for columns with axial load

• List material properties: fy, fsk, fck, Ea, Es, Ec

• List sectional properties Aa, As, Ac, Ia, Is, Ic

• Design checks

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 21

 (1) Evaluate plastic resistance, Pp

Pp = Aa fy / a + c Ac fck / c + As fsk /  s

(2) Evaluate effective flexural stiffness,

(EI)ex and (EI)ey, for short term loading

( E I )ex =Ea Iax + 0.8 Ecd Icx + Es Isx

(E I )ey =Ea Iay + 0.8 Ecd Icy + Es Isy

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 22

 (3) Evaluate non-dimensional
slenderness,
and from equation, x
y
1 1
 Ppu  2
 Ppu  2
 x     y 
 
 cr x 
P   Pcr 
 y


where
Ppu = Aafy + cAcfck + Asfsk

(a =  c = s = 1.0)

π EI ex
2  2 EI ey
Pcrx  and Pcry 
2 2

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 23

 (4) Check the resistance against axial compression

Design against axial compression is satisfied if

following conditions are satisfied:

P <x Pp
P <y Pp

where in x and y direction,

1
x 

  
1
  x   x 2   x 2 2 
 

 
and  x  0.5 1   x  x  0.2   x
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras
 2
 24
 Resistance of Members in Combined
Compression and Uni-axial Bending
• Interaction Curve for Compression and Uni-axial
Bending
P/Pp

1.0 A

 0
M
C
P
D

B
0 1.0 M/Mp

Interaction curve for compression

and uni- axial bending
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 25
 Interaction curve using the simplified method

P
A
Pp

Pc C

B
0
0 Mp M

Mp  (Zps  Zpsn ) fy /  m  0.8c (Zpc  Zpcn ) fck /  c  (Zpr  Zprn ) fst /  mst
Zps, Zpc and Zpr = Plastic section moduli @ own centroid
Zpsn, Zpcn and Zprn = Plastic section moduli @ NA
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 26
 Point A þck þy þsk

x Pp

y No moment

þck þy þsk
Point B
hn
x MB = Mp

Zero axial force

Stress distributions for the points of the interaction curve

for concrete filled rectangular hollow sections
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 27
 Point C þck þy þsk

x Mb=Mp
2hn
PC =Pc

Stress distributions for the points of the interaction curve

for concrete filled rectangular hollow sections

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 28

 The second order effects on bending moments
should be considered if :
P
(1)  0.1
Pcr
(2) Elastic slenderness conforms to:

λ  0.2
In case the above two conditions are met the
correction factor k,

1
k   1.0
P
1
Pcr

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 29

 Resistance of Members under combined
Compression and Uni- axial Bending

M  0  9 μ Mp

where
M design bending moment
 moment resistance ratio
Mp plastic moment resistance

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 30

 P/Pp

A
1.0

d C
c

B

0 k d 1.0 M/Mp

Interaction curve for compression and uni-axial

bending using the simplified method

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 31

  
   d  when d  c
1   c 
 1
1    d when d < c
1   c  
c axial resistance ratio due to the concrete,
Pc
Pp
P
d design axial resistance ratio,
Pp
 reduction factor

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 32

 Combined Compression and
Bi-Axial Bending

Three conditions to be satisfied are:

Mx
 0.9
 x M px
My
 0.9
 y M py
Mx My
  1.0
 x M px  y M py
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 33
 Design Steps for columns with axial load
and uni-axial bending

(1) Evaluate plastic resistance, Pp

Pp = Aa fy /a +c Ac fck/c + As fsk /  s

(2) Evaluate effective flexural stiffness, (EI)e for short

term loading in x and y direction
(EI)e =EaIa + 0.8 EcdIc + EsIs

(3) Evaluate non-dimensional slenderness,  x and  y

1
 Ppu  2
   
 Pcr  
Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 34
 where
Ppu = Aafy + cAcfck + Asfsk
and
 2 EI e
Pcr 
2
(4) Check for long-term loading
e = M/P  2(cross section dimension)

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 35

 (5) Check the resistance of the section under
axial compression for both x and y axes.
P < Pp
where
 1


2 2

1
     
2

 
 = reduction factor due to column buckling.

and   0.5 1     0.2      2



Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 36

(7) Evaluate plastic moment resistance about the plane
of bending under consideration.

Mp = þ y ( Zpa-Zpan) + 0.5 þck (Zpc-Zpcn ) + þsk ( Zps- Zpsn)

(8) Check the resistance against axial compression

and uni-axial bending

M 0.9  MP
where  = moment resistance ratio

Prof. S R Satish Kumar, IIT Madras 37