bDR ≤ 30 kW, maximum clearing times; DR > 30kW, default clearing times
» IEEE standard 1547-family
Improve reliability by providing the islanded portion of the EPS power during an area EPS
outage or disturbance.
Relieve area EPS overload problems by allowing a part of the EPS to intentionally island
and removing load from the rest of the area EPS. The benefit is for both island and
normal parallel operation.
Isolate from area EPS power quality issues (voltage distortion, voltage sag, flicker,
lightning transients, etc.) while in island mode operation.
Resolve power-quality issues by reducing total harmonic distortion (THD) at the loads.
Allow for maintenance on the area EPS while allowing intentionally islanded customers to
remain powered.
» IEEE standard 1547-family
DR island system configurations
Local EPS island
A secondary island is
one or more DR and
multiple customers
connected to the
secondary side of one
distribution transformer.
Lateral island
Grid-connected mode
» All of the DR on the planned island system shall operate in accordance with IEEE Std
1547-2003 unless agreed upon by the area EPS operator.
» The MIC (monitoring, information exchange and control) equipment required for island
operation needs to be in operation during parallel mode. It is necessary to make this
information available to the island control scheme such that a transition can be planned
in advance. This should include information about the protective device status,
generation levels, load levels, and system voltages.
Functionality of the DR island system
Transition-to-island mode
» A transition-to-island mode can be a result of scheduled or unscheduled events.
» Unscheduled transitions are inadvertent events that are typically initiated by loss of area EPS or
equipment failure, and the DR island system may be automatically sectionalized from the main
grid by protective equipment.
» During a transition-to-island, enough DR, and DR of the correct type (e.g., DR conforming to all
of IEEE Std 1547.4, including planned, designed, installed, and maintained) needs to be available
to support the system voltage and frequency during the system disturbance or scheduled event
that caused the island, for whatever time the island interconnection device (IID) and protective
relaying takes to operate, to effect a successful transition.
Functionality of the DR island system
Island mode
» Protective device coordination should be maintained in both area EPS-connected and
islanded operation. All potential faults within the island should be detected and cleared
during island mode if they were able to be detected and cleared when in area EPS-
connected mode.
» Adaptive relaying may be implemented to provide adequate protection for a variety of
system operating modes.
Functionality of the DR island system
Reconnection mode
» For reconnection of the DR island system to the main grid, monitoring should indicate
that the proper conditions exist for synchronizing the island with the main grid.
» After an area EPS disturbance, no reconnection shall take place until the area EPS
voltage is within Range B of ANSI/NEMA C84.1-2006.
» If an unscheduled event triggered the disconnection from the area EPS, the time before
reconnection may be extended to ensure the area EPS is stable.
Protection coordination (Page 22)