BLOK * THE GRAND DESIGN OF

HUMAN BODY AND THE CELL AS

BIOCHEMICAL MACHINERY*

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS WARMADEWA
BLOK * THE GRAND DESIGN OF HUMAN
BODY AND THE CELL AS BIOCHEMICAL
MACHINERY*
(CBM)
TUJUAN BLOK
• Menerapkan konsep dan prinsip biologi sel
untuk meneliti, mengidentifikasi masalah
kesehatan.
• Menerapkan konsep dan prinsip biologi sel
untuk menangani masalah kesehatan.
• Mengidentifikasi desain tubuh manusia untuk
meneliti, mengidentifikasi masalah kesehatan.
• Menerapkan konsep dan prinsip desain tubuh
manusia untuk menangani masalah kesehatan.
Cell Structure and
Function
 Definition of a cell:
 basic structural and functional unit of life

 the smallest units that display the

characteristics of life, i.e. reproduction,
metabolism, response to stimuli
General Subdivisions of a Cell

• Plasma Membrane = selectively permeable

boundary between the cell and the
environment

• Nucleus = regulatory center of the cell

• Cytoplasm = everything between the plasma

membrane and the nucleus (fluid + organelles)
 Plasma Membrane

1. Structure = phospholipd bilayer with proteins

embedded in, and attached to, the inner
(intracellular) and outer (extracellular) surfaces

2. Function
a. Selectively permeable barrier: controls what
enters and leaves the cell
b. Phospholipids are liquid at body temperature,
so proteins float around in the membrane
-functions as a Fluid Mosaic
Plasma Membrane
 Plasma Membrane (2)
2. Function – continued
c. Main responsibility: ensure the composition of
extracellular fluid is not the same as the
composition of the intracellular fluid
d. Water-soluble substances (salts, nutrients) cross
membrane with aid of protein channels, which
are selective about what can pass through
e. Lipids can pass directly through bilayer by
diffusion (the random walk of molecules)
f. Attachment site of cytoskeleton, the internal
support of the cell
 Plasma Membrane (3)
3. Glycocalyx = protein and carbohydrate coat
covering the extracellular surface of the
plasma membrane
a. Allows attachment to other cells
b. Allows the cell to interact with the environment
c. Gives each person’s cell a distinctive surface;
allows your body to recognize foreign tissues
as different from your own (i.e., blood type,
transplant rejection)
Plasma Membrane
 General Subdivisions of a Cell
• Plasma Membrane = selectively
permeable boundary between the cell and
the environment

• Nucleus = regulatory center of the cell

• Cytoplasm = everything between the

plasma membrane and the nuclear
compartment
Cell Structure
Overview
 Nucleus
1. Nuclear Envelope (membrane)
a. Phospholipid bilayer with nuclear pores

b. Controls what enters/leaves the nucleus

-- things only go in or out by passing through
protein channels, which are selective

c. Encloses all the chromosomes

 Nucleus
2. Chromatin = all the chromosomes, which are long
strands of the molecule DNA

-- DNA regulates all cell activities, yet never

leaves the nucleus; how is this possible?

produces RNA, short messenger

molecules
that exit through nuclear pores

RNA carries instructions out into the

cytoplasm
 Nucleus
3. Nucleolus – site of ribosome synthesis

a. compartment in the nucleus where ribsomes

are assembled

b. ribosomes are then moved out into

cytoplasm through nuclear pores

c. ribosomes and RNA work together outside

the nucleus, to build all the proteins in the cell
 Nuclear
Compartment
 Ribosomes
Ribosomes = site of protein synthesis
--assembled in the nucleolus
--exported into the cytoplasm

a. Free – unbound in the fluid cytoplasm, produce

proteins for use in the cell

b. Bound – attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

(ER), produce proteins for export, or for the
plasma membrane
 Cytoplasm + Organelles
1. Fluid portion = “cytoplasm”
a. Water with dissolved salts, nutrients and
enzymes (= proteins that do a particular job)
b. Site of many metabolic reactions

2. Cytoskeleton = network of protein fibers

extending throughout the fluid cytoplasm
a. Support and structure for the cell
b. Very dynamic, always remodeling itself
c. Critical for cells to divide and copy themselves
 Cell
Structure
 Organelles
1. Separate compartments within the cytoplasm
formed by membranes

2. Mitochondrion = “thread granule”, major source

of cell’s energy
a. energy is taken from sugar, stored in molecule
called ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
b. requires oxygen to make this exchange
(aerobic metabolism)
c. contained within double membrane
Mitochondrion
 Organelles (2)
3. The Cytomembrane System = system of
tubes and chambers formed by membranes

a. extensively distributed throughout the

fluid
cytoplasm

b. involved in synthesis, modification,

processing & packaging of cellular lipids
and proteins
 Cytomembrane System
1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = “within the
cytoplasm network”, a system of tubes and sacs
formed by membranes (an enclosed space)

a) Rough = with bound ribosomes

--modifies proteins produced by the ribosomes

b) Smooth = without bound ribosomes

-doesn’t modify proteins
-functions in lipid synthesis, drug
detoxification, carbohydrate metabolism
 Cytomembrane System (2)
2. Golgi Apparatus = series of flattened sacs formed
by membranes, functions in final protein
processing prior to use by the cell

a. proteins get shuttled from the ER to one end

of the Golgi

b. in each sac, different modifications are made

(proteins get individually tailored)

c. proteins get sorted and shipped off to their

destination (like the post office of the cell)
 Cytomembrane System (2)
3. Vesicles = small membrane-bound structures that
transport proteins and lipids around the cell

a. little transporters that shuttle their

contents from one organelle to another

b. when they contact the appropriate

organelle,they fuse with its outer membrane and
dump their contents inside
c. same for plasma membrane, allowing the
export of materials from the cell (exocytosis)
Vesicles move from ER to
Golgi
 Cytomembrane System (2)
4. Lysosome = membrane-bound vesicle that
contains digestive enzymes or toxic chemicals

a. merges with vesicles containing food

particles, invading bacteria

b. harsh chemicals and enzymes degrade

the food or bacteria, without harming rest of
cell
terimakasih