EET 301/4
PROTECTION IN
POWER
SYSTEM
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basic Components of Protection System
7.3 The Concept of Protection System
7.4 Fuse
7.5 Computer Relaying
7.6 Zone of Protection
Example:
A CT with a specification of 800/5A, 15 VA, Class 0.5, means
that the rated primary current is 800A, the secondary current is
5A (when primary is 800A), the burden is 15 VA, and it is a
measuring CTs with a current ratio error of 5% at the rated
current.
Current Ratios
50:5 100:5 150:5 200:5 250:5 300:5 400:5
Where,
Ie=CT Secondary excitation current
I’=CT Secondary output current
Ie = 0.25 A
2.91 V
0.25 A
Ie = 0.4 A
7.06 V
0.4 A
Ie = 5 A
23.73 V
5A
a) 0.8 ohm
b) 3 ohm
Disc
IS
Main coil
Figure 5: Electromagnet Plunger type I
Electromagnet
5 .фL .фR
4
6 Magnet
plugs
I I – measured current
PSM Is – relay setting current
Is
44 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Induction Disc Relay
Example:
Determine the time of operation of a 1 A, 3 s overcurrent
relay having a Plug Setting of 125% and a Time Multiplier
of 0.6. The supplying CT is rated 400:1 A and the fault
current is 4000 A.
Solution
the relay coil current for the fault
1
I 4000 10 A
400
The nominal relay coil current
125
Is 1 A 1.25 A
100
45 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Induction Disc Relay
The plug setting multiplier
10
PSM 8
1.25
the time of operation
0.14 TMS
t
PSM 0.02 1
0.14 0.6
0.02
8 1
1.98 s
Normal Tripped
A. Thermal
Latch
Circuit breaker
contacts
Current
Spring out
Armature
Electromagnetic
coil Electromagnetic
Current in coil
Normal B. Magnetic Tripped
im1 im2
Relay
A
A
B B
C C
o
R R Phase B
o
R R Phase C
20MVA
Ip 349.91 A
3 33kV
The secondary line current is
20MVA
Is 1049.73 A
3 11kV
ø As the gas
accumulates, the oil
level falls and a float F
is lowered and
operates a mercury
switch to sound an
alarm.
ø Sampling the gas and
performing a chemical
analysis provide a
means for classifying
EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
58
the types of fault.
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
Buchholz protection provides an alarm for a number
of fault conditions including:
1. Inter turn faults or winding faults involving only
lower power levels.
2. Core hot spots due to short circuits on the
lamination insulation.
3. Faulty joints.
4. Core bolt insulation failure.
Allocation of Protective
Devices for the Stator,
Rotor and Prime Mover.
CURRENT GRADING
1. Operates at suitable
graded current
2. Fault current are
higher near the
source.
3. Relays are set that
decreases as distance
from the source is
66 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING increased.
TRANSMISSION LINE PROTECTION
Time Grading
1. Ensure the breaker
nearest to the fault open
first, by choosing an
appropriate time setting
for each of the relay.
2. Time setting increase as
the relay get closer to the
source.
Solution:
I ' 15
c) I ' 15A; 2.5
Ip 6
Figure 12
76 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
77 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING Figure 13
SOLUTION
The load currents are calculated as
Filler material
A. Non-Current Limiting , Non-Time
Delay Fuse B. Current Limiting Non-Time
Delay Fuse
Connector
Lighting load:
20kW
I lighting 27.8 A
3 415V
select 32 A fuse
Heating load:
30kW
I heating 41.7 A
3 415V
select 50 A fuse
95 EET301 POWER SYSTEM ENGINEERING
Solution
Motor load:
Pout
30 kW
Pin 32.6 kW
0.92
The motor full load current is
32.6kW
I motor 54.7 A
3 415V 0.83
I 7 54.7 383A
Y
O
U