Figure 14.1
TECHNIQUE Parental
generation
(P)
Stamens
Carpel (male)
3 Pollinated carpel (female)
matured into pod
4 Planted seeds
from pod
TECHNIQUE
RESULTS When pollen from a white flower fertilizes 5 Examined
eggs of a purple flower, the first-generation hybrids all First
offspring:
have purple flowers. The result is the same for the all purple
generation
flowers
reciprocal cross, the transfer of pollen from purple offspring
flowers to white flowers. (F1)
F1 Generation
(hybrids)
Figure 14.3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Mendel reasoned that
– In the F1 plants, only the purple
flower factor was affecting flower
color in these hybrids
– Purple flower color was dominant,
and white flower color was
recessive
• Mendel observed the same pattern
– In many other pea plant characters
F1 sperm
This box, a Punnett square, shows
all possible combinations of alleles P p
in offspring that result from an
F1 F1 (Pp Pp) cross. Each square F2 Generation
represents an equally probable product P
of fertilization. For example, the bottom PP Pp
left box shows the genetic combination F1 eggs
resulting from a p egg fertilized by
a P sperm. p
Pp pp
Random combination of the gametes
results in the 3:1 ratio that Mendel
observed in the F2 generation. 3 :1
Purple PP
1
(homozygous)
Pp
3 Purple (heterozygous)
Pp
(heterozygous)
Purple
pp
1 White 1
(homozygous)
• A testcross
– Allows us to determine the genotype of an
organism with the dominant phenotype, but
unknown genotype
– Crosses an individual with the dominant
phenotype with an individual that is
homozygous recessive for a trait
p p p p
RESULTS
P P
Pp Pp Pp Pp
P p
Pp Pp pp pp
Gametes CR CW
Pink
F1 Generation CRCW
1⁄ 1⁄
2 2
Gametes CR CW
1⁄ CR 1⁄2 CW Sperm
Eggs 2
F2 Generation
1⁄
2 CR
CR CR CR CW
1⁄
2 Cw
CR CW CW CW
Table 14.2
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• In pleiotropy a gene has Epistasis
multiple phenotypic effects
BbCc BbCc
genes 1⁄
4 BC 1⁄
4 bC 1⁄
4 Bc 1⁄
4 bc
Eggs
• In epistasis A gene at one 1⁄
4 BC BBCC BbCC BBCc BbCc
locus alters the phenotypic
expression of a gene at a 1⁄
bC BbCC bbCC
4 BbCc bbCc
second locus
1⁄ BBCc BbCc BBcc
4 Bc Bbcc
1⁄
bc BbCc bbCc Bbcc bbcc
4
9⁄ 3⁄ 4⁄
16 16 16
20⁄
64
phenotype
6⁄
64
1⁄
64
Figure 14.13
• An organism’s phenotype
– Includes its physical appearance, internal
anatomy, physiology, and behavior
– Reflects its overall genotype and unique
environmental history
First generation
Ww ww ww Ww (grandparents) Ff Ff ff Ff
Second generation
Ww ww ww Ww Ww ww (parents plus aunts FF or Ff Ff ff Ff Ff ff
and uncles)
Third
WW ww generation ff FF
or (two sisters) or
Ww Ff
(a) Dominant trait (widow’s peak) (b) Recessive trait (attached earlobe)
• Carriers
– Are heterozygous individuals who carry the
recessive allele but are phenotypically normal
Sickle-Cell Disease
• Sickle-cell disease
– Affects one out of 400 African-Americans
– Is caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the
hemoglobin protein in red blood cells
• Symptoms include
– Physical weakness, pain, organ damage, and even paralysis
• Achondroplasia
– A form of dwarfism that is lethal
when homozygous for the dominant
allele
• Huntington’s disease
– Is a degenerative disease of the
nervous system
– Has no obvious phenotypic effects
until about 35 to 40 years of age
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Multifactorial Disorders
• Many human diseases
– Have both genetic and environment
components
Newborn Screening
• Some genetic disorders can be detected at birth by
simple tests that are now routinely performed in most
hospitals
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings