m.Sc BOTANY
Session 2018-19
Submitted by Guided By
Kavita Miss Jagyasaeni Panigrahi
2nd Semester
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
DISCOVERY OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN BACTERIA
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN EUKARYOTES
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPOSABLE
ELEMENTS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCE
INTRODUCTION
Most of the part of ancient genetic analysis is related with
the position of genes on the chromosomes.
Genetic mapping is based on the fact that genes do
not move from one position to another.
Some DNA sequence have the capability to change
their position .
Such as bacteria, fungi ,nematodes
,insects,plants and animals ,it is known that transposable
elements are widely found both in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
At the molecular level these
elements show considerable variation in structure and
function.
DISCOVERY OF TRANSPOSABLE
ELEMENTS
In 1940 by Mc Clintock
Barbara in maize.
Found genetic elements
regularly jump to new
location affect gene
expression .
Maize kernels show
variation in colour.
Later in 1960 bacteria and
bacteriophages were shown
to posses TE.
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN
BACTERIA
Genetic instabilities are also found in bacteria which in many cases help in
the identification of transposable elements .
These bacterial transposons were the first such elements which have been
studied at molecular level hense they give necessary clues regarding
organization and behaviour of eukaryotic transposons.
The simplest bacterial transposons are called insertion sequences or Is
elements .
Transposable elements are usually of two types ; 1. Insertion sequence(Is)
(2) Transposons (Tn)
Insertion sequence Insertion sequence are short DNA sequence of
sequence of about 800 1400 bp that have ability to transpose .
They promote the recombination in nonhomologous chromosome .
The first four IS elements discovered in E. coli are IS1 ( 768 ,bp; 8
genome),IS2 (1327 bp 5 genome) , IS3 (1300 bp ; one or more genome) and
IS4 (1426 bp; one or more genome ) .
Transpons – Transpons are very complex elements .they are generally 2000
bp long ,carry one or more genes unrelated to their transposability .
They have IS –like elements repeated at their ends.
TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS IN
EUKARYOTES
Much work has been done on the transposable elements of bacteria beginning
with the work started by Mc Clintock yet extensive research has also been
done on transposons in eukaryotes .
Several discoveries have been made in the modern times on yeast ,maize and
drosophila.
The controlling elements of maize and other eukaryotes can be included into
two classes :
(1)autonomous (2) non autonomous
Autonomous elements have the ability to excise and transpose while the non
autonomous elements do not have the ability to transpose .
They collect transpose only when an autonomous member of the same family is
present elsewhere in the genome.
The non autonomous elements may be derived from autonomous elements by
the loss of trans acting functions needed for trans –position .
Non autonomous elements have sites and terminii also on which the transpose
acts.
The cisacting functions of a nonautonomous element could become defective
due to which element become permanently stable which cannot be activated by
transpose.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANSPOSABLE
ELEMENTS
(1)Mutation and chromosome breakage : Regarding that
transposable elements are responsible for mutation in various
variety of organisms.
Its best example is seen in Drosophila in which numerous
mutant allele have been shown taking part in transposon
insertions.
(2) Use in genetic analysis : Now it is possible in many
organisms to stimulate the transposition of a particular family
of elements ,hereby increasing the natural mutation rate.
(3) Evolutionary issues : The widespread distribution of
transposable elements suggests that they have played an
important role in evolution .
Their ability to copy ,transpose and rearrange other DNA
sequence such as genes for antibiotic resistance can be
construed as a benefit for the organisms that carry them.
CONCLUSION :
Transposons are present in the genomes of all
organism where they can constitute a fraction of
the total DNA sequence .They are a major cause
of mutations and genome rearrangement.
The ability of transposable element to insert and
to generate deletions and inversions accounts for
much of the macromolecular rearrangement .
They cause mutation which is used in the
production of different colour of grapes corn and
other fruits
REFERENCE
S.B. AGARWAL : UNIFIED BOTANY
BY INTERNET