Shape factors and Forced

Convection
 Introduction
• Deals with two-dimensional heat conduction
• Mostly analytical solution is not available
• Methods can be graphical or numerical
• Graphical method provides reasonably accurate
answers
– Used for systems with isothermal boundaries
– Note that the direction of the heat flux or flux lines is
always ⊥ to isotherms
• Steps to use in graphical method

• For unit depth of material

• Temperature subdivision:
• Since ∆𝑥 = ∆𝑦 and 𝑀 =no.of heat flow lanes
 Shape Factors
• Shape factor, 𝑆 = 𝑀/𝑁
• Therefore 𝑞 = 𝑘𝑆(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
• For a number geometries
– Furnace with uniform thickness 𝑇𝑤 (no greater
than a fifth of the interior dimension)

– For long hollow cylinder with length L:

– For hollow sphere:
– Table 4.4-1 lists S for different geometries
 Forced convection HT inside pipes
• Conduction and convection goes hand in hand
• When the fluid flow is turbulent, the velocity
gradient is very steep next to thin viscous
sublayer (thus large temp difference)
• Here HT is mainly by conduction
• Eddies equalizes the temp at
turbulent region
• Convective HTER:
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤 )
• Types of Convection:
– Natural convection- the motion of fluids results from the
density changes in heat transfer
– Forced convection- the fluid is forced by pressure differences,
a pump, a fan, etc
• Most correlation predicting the film coefficient are
semiempirical
• Use of dimensionless numbers:
𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝜌𝑣 2 𝜌𝐷𝑣
– Reynolds Number, 𝑁𝑅𝑒 = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝜇𝑣/𝐷 𝜇
– Prandtl Number, 𝑁𝑃𝑟 =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜇/𝜌 𝑐𝑝 𝜇
= =
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑘/𝜌𝑐𝑝 𝑘
ℎ𝐷
– Nusselt Number, 𝑁𝑁𝑢 =
𝑘
 Heat Transfer Coefficient for Laminar
Flow Inside a Pipe
• Correlation by Sieder and Tate:

𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 𝐷
– Holds for 𝑁𝑅𝑒 < 2100, > 100
𝐿
𝑁𝑅𝑒 𝑁𝑃𝑟 𝐷
– If used for > 10, it is within 20%error
𝐿
– To calculate q:
Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent
Flow Inside a Pipe
• Correlation:

– Holds for𝑁𝑅𝑒 > 6000 and 𝑁𝑃𝑟 b/n 0.7 to 16000 and
L/D>60
– ℎ𝐿 is HTX based on LMTD
• For air: D’ in inches

• For water: T=4-105oC

• For organic liquids

 Heat Transfer Coefficient for
Transistion Flow Inside a Pipe
• For 2100 < 𝑁𝑅𝑒 < 6000
Problem
Problem
 Heat Transfer for non-circular conduit
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
• 𝐷 to be used is 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 4𝑟𝐻 ; 𝑟𝐻 =
𝑤𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
• Calculate h using appropriate correlation for
different flow conditions
• Calculate q