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Fluid mechanics describes the behavior of fluids under different conditions. Pressure is caused by molecular collisions with container walls. It is defined as force per unit area. On Earth, average sea level pressure is 101.3 kPa. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above. Flow rate and pressure change in pipes depends on factors like diameter, height and speed of the fluid.
Fluid mechanics describes the behavior of fluids under different conditions. Pressure is caused by molecular collisions with container walls. It is defined as force per unit area. On Earth, average sea level pressure is 101.3 kPa. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above. Flow rate and pressure change in pipes depends on factors like diameter, height and speed of the fluid.
Fluid mechanics describes the behavior of fluids under different conditions. Pressure is caused by molecular collisions with container walls. It is defined as force per unit area. On Earth, average sea level pressure is 101.3 kPa. Hydrostatic pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the fluid above. Flow rate and pressure change in pipes depends on factors like diameter, height and speed of the fluid.
PHY031 PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS Pressure is due to the net force of the molecules in a fluid colliding with the walls.
A very large number of
collisions happen each second.
Each collision exerts a tiny net
force on the wall. Definition: Pressure A fluid in a container presses with an outward force against the walls of that container. The pressure is defined as the ratio of the force to the area on which the force is exerted.
The SI units of pressure are N/m2, also defined as the
pascal, where 1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. Other units: 1 atm = 1.01325 x 105 Pa =760 mmHg =14.7 psi Atmospheric Pressure
The global average
sea-level pressure is Pa, or 1 atm. 3. Calculate the hydrostatic difference in blood pressure between the brain and the foot in a person of height 1.83m. The density of the blood is 1.06 x 103 kg/m3 . 4. A tall cylinder with a cross sectional area of 12.0 cm2 is partially filled with mercury; the surface of the mercury is 5.00 cm above the bottom of the cylinder. Water is slowly poured in on top of the mercury, and the two fluids don’t mix. What volume of water must be added to double the gauge pressure at the bottom of the cylinder? 6. A u-shaped tube open to the air at both ends contains some mercury. A quantity of water is carefully poured into the left arm of the u-shaped tube until the vertical height of the water column is 15.0 cm. a) What is the gauge pressure at the water-mercury interface? B) Calculate the vertical distance h from the top of mercury in the right hand arm of the tube to the top of the water in the left hand arm. #31/p381. An iron anchor of density 7870 kg/m3 appears 200N lighter in water than in air. a) What is the volume of the anchor? b) How much does it weigh in the air? • A raft is constructed of wood having a density of 6.00 x 102 kg/m3 . Its surface area is 5.70 m2 and its volume is 0.60 m3. When the raft is placed in fresh water, to what depth h is the bottom of the raft submerged? #41/382. A hollow spherical iron shell floats almost completely submerged in water. The outer diameter is 60.0 cm, and the density of iron is 7.87 g/cm3. Find the inner diameter. 13.56 Water is flowing in a pipe as depicted in the figure. What pressure is indicated on the upper pressure gauge? #55/p.383 Water is moving with a speed of 5.0 m/s through a pipe with a cross sectional area of 4.0 cm2. The water gradually descends 10m as the pipe cross sectional area increases to 8.0 cm2. a) What is the speed at the lower level? B) If the pressure at the upper level is 1.5x105 Pa, what is the pressure at the lower level? # 56 The intake in the figure has cross sectional area of 0.74 m2 and water flow at 0.40 m/s. At the outlet, distance D= 180 m below the intake , the cross sectional area is smaller than at the intake and the water flows out at 9.5 m/s. What is the pressure difference between inlet and outlet? #57/p.383 A water pipe having a 2.5 cm inside diameter carries water into the basement of a house at a speed of 0.90 m/s and a pressure of 170 Kpa. If the pipe tapers to 1.2 cm and rises to the second floor 7.6 m above the input point, what are the a)speed and b) water pressure at the second floor?