HISTORY of NURSING

By Sri Mulyanti
Who were…

the first ‘nurses’?

 Definition of History
SEJARAH KEPERAWATAN

•Pengetahuan yg menggambarkan perubahan-perubahan,

kemajuan-kemajuan dalam lapangan keperawatan sejak zaman
dahulu sampai sekarang.
Definition of nursing
 Keperawatan sbg profesi, pekerjaan yg dalam
menentukan tindakannya didasari ilmu pengetahuan,
memiliki ketrampilan yg jelas dalam keahliannya.
 Sub sistem kes, perlu kerjasama dg profesi lain
 Pelaksanaan keperawatan oleh perawat & disesuaikan
perkemb iptek profesi
 Pekerjaan yg luhur & mulia, bersifat sosial kemanusiaan
(altruisme).
 Usaha berdasar kemanusiaan u/ m’ningkatkan pertumb
& perkemb,sehingga tercapai sehat bagi semua.
Tujuan keperawatan

 a. M’bantu indiv bebas dr msl kes dg

b’partisipasi me↑kes.
 b. M’bantu indiv m’ngemb potensi seoptml
mungkin agar tdk t’gtung pd org lain.
 c. M’bantu indiv m’oleh derajat kes
s’optml mungkin. Melalui pendekatan
ilmiah (Proses Kep)
History and nursing development
in Indonesia
• Banyak dipengaruhi oleh kolonial
• Devided 2 season (before kemerdekaan,
after kemerdekaan).
1. Sebelum Kemerdekaan
• Tahun 1799, RS Binnen Hospital di Jakarta : Verpleger
(perawat berasal dari Indonesia), dibantu zieken oppaser
(pos).

• Masa penjajahan Belanda, 7an hanya untuk kepentingan

belanda.

• Masa penjajahan Inggris yi Rafless, dg moto kesehatan

adalah milik manusia

• Berbagai usaha dalam memelihara kesehatan :

pencacaran scr umum, membenahi cara perawatan
pasien gangguan jiwa, memperhatikan kes para tawanan
• Tahun 1819, berdiri RS Stadsverband di Jakarta.

• Tahun 1919, dipindah ke Salemba, sekarang di

kenal RSCM (RS Cipto Mangunkusumo), diikuti
RS milik swasta.

• Thn 1942-1945, tjd kekalahan tentara Sekutu

dan kedatangan tentara Jepang, perkembangan
keperawatan mengalami kemunduran.

• Berdiri RS di kota Malang, menjadi RS Jiwa

2. Setelah Kemerdekaan
• 1949 : RS, Balai Pengobatan banyak didirikan
• 1952 : memenuhi kebuth NaKes, didirikan sekolah
perawat
• 1962 : dibuka pendidikan setara dg diploma
• 1985 : dibuka pendidikan keperawatan setingkat sarjana
di UI dg PSIK, berkembang menjadi Fakultas Ilmu
Keperawatan
• Menyusul berdirinya pendidikan setingkat S1 di berbagai
universitas di Indonesia, seperti di Bandung, Yogyakarta,
Sby, malang.
• 2007, berdiri FKp di UA, sebelumnya jg PSIK. membuka
program pascasarjana S2 Keperawatan thn 2008
History and nursing development
in the world
• Sejak zaman manusia diciptakan
• Zaman keagamaan
• Zaman masehi
• Zaman permulaan abad 21
• Zaman sblm perang Dunia II
• Selama perang Dunia II
• Pasca perang Dunia II
• Periode thn 1950
 1. Sejak manusia ada .

• Mother instinct
• zaman purba, percaya kekuatan gaib, jiwa
jahat muncul sakit, jiwa sehat sejahtera
• Percaya dewa2, penyakit karena
kemarahan dewa (kuil sbg t4 pemujaan,
orang sakit minta kesembuhan di kuil dg
bantuan priest physician
• Adanya diakones dan philantrop (seklmpk
wanita tua & janda membantu pendeta yg
menjauhkan diri dari keramaian, muncul
rumah perawatan).
 2. Zaman Keagamaan
 Bergeser ke arah spiritual
 Sakit karena dosa/kutukan Tuhan
 Pusat perawatan adlh t4 ibadah,
pemimpin agama disebut tabib
 Perawat dianggap sbg budak
 3. Zaman Masehi
 Dimulai saat perkemb agama kristen,
membentuk diakones (deaconesses, org
wanita yg ber7an mengunjungi orang
sakit), diakon (laki2 memberi perawatan
untuk mengubur bayi yg meninggal)
 Berdiri RS di Roma (Monastic Hospital)
 Di Benua Asia, TimTeng, kep mulai maju
seiring perkembangan agama islam
4. Zaman permulaan abad 21

Perkembangan kep berubah

Dari keagamaan ke faktr kekuasaan

(masa perang, tjd eksplorasi alam)

Perkembangan pengetahuan sangat

pesat
 5. Zaman sblm perang Dunia II
 Prinsip rasa cinta sesama manusia
 Florence Nightingale (1820-1910),
menetapkan struktur dasar di pendidikan
prwt (mendirikan sekolah perawat, 7an dik
prwt, pengetahuan yg hrs dimiliki calon
perawat).
 Merintis profesi kep diawali dg membantu
korban akibat perang krim (1854-1856)
 6. Selama perang Dunia II
 Timbul tekanan bagi dunia pengetahuan
dalam penerapan teknologi
 Penyakit & korban perang beraneka
ragam
 7. Pasca perang dunia II
 Penderitaan bagi masy akibat perang
 Perawat dituntut untuk me kesejahteraan
masy
 upaya pelayanan kuratif, preventif,
promotof
 Kebijakan ttg peraturan sekolah perawat.
 1948, perawat diakui sbg profesi
 8. Periode tahun 1950
 Sistem pendidikan kep mulai tertata
 Di Amerika, pendidikan setingkat master &
doctoral
 Mulai dikembangkan penerapan proses
kep (pengkajian-evaluasi) yg hrs
diterapkan scr berkesinambungan oleh
perawat (Aziz.A)
 Who was
Florence Nightingale?
• She was born in 1820 and died in 1910
• Born in Italy to wealthy English parents
• Frustrated by lack of options for women of
her social background
• Defied parents and society and traveled to
Germany and throughout Europe to train
as a nurse
• Her big opportunity came when the
Crimean war broke out in 1854
 During Crimean War:
► Secretary of War asked her to go take charge
of the hospital at Scutari in Turkey.
► Nightingale showed up with 38 trained nurses
and faced a death rate of 40%
► She was met by patients lying on boards
among piles of filth, patients received only one
meal a day, no supplies, no sanitation, and
hostility from army doctors
Her accomplishments at Scutari in two
years included:
Death rate decreased to 2%
She established cleanliness and
sanitation rules
Patients received special diets and
plenty of food
Improved water supply
Patients received proper nursing care
Nightingale established a reputation
which allowed her to improve nursing
standards at home
 Florence Nightingale
 Nightingale established nursing school at St.
Thomas’ Hospital, London upon return
 By 1887, Nightingale had her nurses
working in six countries and U.S.
 Nightingale developed basic philosophy re:
the profession of nursing different from
other existing programs
 Nightingale was a nurse, philosopher,
statistician, historian, politician and more
 Today Nightingale is considered the founder
of modern nursing
Nightingales ‘7’ basic tenets were
that:
 1. The content of nursing education must be defined by
nurses.

 2. Nurse educators are responsible for the nursing care

provided by students and graduates of the nursing
program.

 3. Educators should be trained nurses themselves.

 4. Nursing schools should be separate entities, not

connected with physicians or hospitals.
 Nightingale’s Basic tenets
continued..
 5. Nurses should be prepared with advanced
education and should engage in continuing
education throughout their careers.

 6. Nursing involves both sick nursing and

healthy nursing and includes the
environment as well as the patient (holism).

 7. Nursing must include theory.

 P’KEMB KEP tjd KRN
1.Tuntutan masy yg me↑ :
*Perkembangan sosbud
*Perkembangan IPTEK
*Kualitas pelayanan yg diberikan
*Kebutuhan masyarakat semakin tinggi

2. Pandangan Profesi
 FAKTOR-FAKTOR
YG MEMPENGARUHI PERKEMB
KEP
 Perubahan pandangan thd pely kes
 Perub pola kep – kini berorientasi pada
kebut klien bukan berorientasi pd peny
 Pengembangan ilmu, menentukan prof
melalui pengembangan pengetahuan
 Keyakinan perawat,filsafat berpengaruh
pd pandangan thd kep
 Perawat sbg change agent / inovator
 Otonomi kep kekuasaan / pengaruh
 Falsafah dan nilai-nilai
Nilai-nilai Ideal kep

• Kep berdasarkan kemanusiaan

• Kep merupakan profesi
• Kep merupakan sub sistem kes
• Kep pek luhur dan manusiawi
 Future Trends & Issues in Nursing
Education
► Increased collaboration between nursing practice and
nursing education
► Increased emphasis on collaboration between
healthcare disciplines
► Increased development of educational products for
faculty and students
► Increased student and nurse mobility (including
increased licensure mobility)
► Increased distance (online) learning
► Schools of nursing providing ongoing professional
development for competence requirements
► Increased teaching of evidence-based practice.
Share Time
 References
► Bellack , J.P., & O’Neil, E.H. (2000). Recreating nursing
practice for a new century: Recommendations and
implications of the Pew Health Professions Commission’s
final report. Nursing & Health Care Perspectives, 21(1),
14-21.
► Billings, D.M. & Halstead, J.A. (2009). Teaching in nursing:
A guide for faculty (3rd Ed). St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders
Elsevier.
► National League for Nursing. (2007). The scope of practice
for academic nurse educators. New York, NY: NLN.
► World Health Organization. (2009). Global standards for
the initial education for professional nurses and midwives.
Retrieved April 12, 2010, from World Health Organization
website: http://www.who.int/hrh/nursing_midwifery/en/