BOILERS

Prepared by:
Delos Reyes, Norman
Fernandez, Beynard
Introduction
Components
Types
BOILER is
 a piece of equipment which acts as a closed vessel
to convert the water inside into steam
 in the case of steam systems, require little or no
pumping energy
 has a long life and can achieve efficiencies up to
95% or greater
Boiler system is consisted of
FEEDWATER SYSTEM
STEAM SYSTEM
FUEL SYSTEM.
Feedwater - the water supplied to the boiler, which is converted
into steam
Deaerator - is a device that is widely used for the removal of
oxygen and other dissolved gases from the feedwater to steam-
generating boilers
Feedwater heater – Boiler efficiency is improved by the
extraction of waste heat from spent steam to preheat the boiler
feedwater.
Economizer- to extract heat value from exhaust gases to heat the
steam still further
 Steam drum- upper drum of a water-tube boiler where the separation of
water and steam occurs.
 Mud drum- a tank at the bottom of the boiler that equalizes distribution of
water to the generating tubes and collects solids such as salts formed from
hardness and silica or corrosion products carried into the boiler.
 Boiler tubes – it is usually fabricated from high-strength carbon steel. The
tubes are welded to form a continuous sheet or wall of tubes. Often more
than one bank of tubes is used, with the bank closest to the heat sources
providing the greatest share of heat transfer.
 Superheaters - the purpose of it is to remove all moisture content from the
steam by raising the temperature of the steam above its saturation point.
The superheater adds energy to the exit steam of the boiler.
 Fuel feed systems play a critical role in the performance
of boilers. Their primary functions include transferring the
fuel into the boiler and distributing the fuel within the
boiler to promote uniform and complete combustion. The
type of fuel influences the operational features of a fuel
system
 FIRE-TUBE BOILER
 WATER-TUBE BOILER
 PACKAGED BOILER
 FLUIDIZED BED (FBC) BOILER
 STOKER FIRED BOILER
 oldest design, is made so
the products of combustion
pass through tubes
surrounded by water in a
shell
 upper steam capacity: ~
20,000 Ibm/hr
 peak pressure obtainable
is limited by their large
shells to about 300 psi
 used for heating systems
 operates with oil, gas or
solid fuels
 the products of combustion pass
around the outside and heat tubes
containing the water
 Used for high steam demand and
pressure requirements
 Capacity range of 4,500 – 120,000
kg/hour
 Combustion efficiency enhanced
by induced draft provisions
 Lower tolerance for water quality
and needs water treatment plant
 Higher thermal efficiency levels
are possible
 Particles (e.g. sand) are suspended in high velocity air stream: bubbling fluidized
bed
 Combustion at 840° – 950° C
 Capacity range 0.5 T/hr - 100 T/hr
 Fuels: coal, washery rejects, rice husk, bagasse and agricultural wastes
 Benefits: compactness, fuel flexibility, higher combustion efficiency, reduced SOx &
NOx
 Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler
 Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Boiler
 Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC) Boiler
 Most common FBC boiler
that uses preheated
atmospheric air as
fluidization and
combustion air
 Compressor supplies the
forced draft air and
combustor is a pressure
vessel
 Used for cogeneration or
combined cycle power
generation
 Solids lifted from bed, rise,
return to bed
 Steam generation in
convection section
 Benefits:
•more economical,
•better space utilization
•efficient combustion
 a) Spreader stokers
 b) Chain-grate or traveling-grate stoker
Spreader stokers
 Coal is first burnt in
suspension then in coal
bed
 Flexibility to meet load
fluctuations
 Favored in many industrial
applications
Chain-grate or traveling-
grate stoker
 Coal is burnt on moving
steel grate
 Coal gate controls coal
feeding rate
 Uniform coal size for
complete combustion
 Fuel – Often the steam will be used to power turbines for electric generating
equipment, blowers, and pumps.
 Production – The steam may also play a role in the actual production of the
product by sterilization, or to achieve the processing temperatures needed for an
aspect of production.
 Climate – The steam may also be used to power the plant’s heating and air
conditioning units. This might be done for personal worker comfort, to keep
equipment at proper operating temperatures, or both.