UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

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 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES

• THIS PRESENTATION IS FOR INFORMATIONAL AND

EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. IT DOES NOT CONTAIN ALL
INFORMATION REQUIRED, AND IS NOT INTENDED TO BE
USED FOR THE SPECIFICATION OR DESIGN OF
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES (UPS) OR UPS
SYSTEMS.

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 UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
OUTLINE

• INTRODUCTION
• POWER DISTURBANCES
• UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES
• GENERAL DISCUSSION
• SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• QUESTIONS

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 INTRODUCTION

• PURPOSE
• WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY?
• WHY USE A UPS?

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 PURPOSE

• THE PURPOSE OF THIS PRESENTATION IS TO DISCUSS THE DIFFERENT

TYPES OF UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLIES AVAILABLE, WHAT THE UPS
PROTECTS AGAINST, THE COMPONENTS OF A UPS, AND ISSUES
REGARDING SELECTION AND SIZING.

• THE DIFFERENT TYPES AND CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES ARE

DISCUSSED, AS WELL AS WHAT THE POWER UTILITY, THE ORIGINAL
EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER, AND YOU, CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THEIR
EFFECT.

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 WHAT IS AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY?

• AN UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY (UPS) IS A DEVICE

THAT HAS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF ENERGY THAT CAN
PROVIDE POWER WHEN THE PRIMARY POWER SOURCE IS
TEMPORARILY DISABLED

• THE SWITCHOVER TIME MUST BE SMALL ENOUGH TO NOT

CAUSE A DISRUPTION IN THE OPERATION OF THE LOADS

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 WHY USE A UPS?

• PROTECTS AGAINST MULTIPLE TYPES OF POWER

DISTURBANCES
• ONLY DEVICE THAT PROTECTS AGAINST AN OUTAGE
• OFFERS PROTECTION AGAINST
 EQUIPMENT NOT OPERATING PROPERLY
 COMPUTER AND EQUIPMENT DAMAGE
 DATA LOSS
 TIME AND EXPENSE TO RECOVER BACK TO WHERE
YOU WERE, IF EVEN POSSIBLE

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 POWER DISTURBANCES

• CAUSES
• TYPES
• DURATION
• RESULTING PROBLEMS
• COMMENTS
• WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO
• WHAT THE ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER (OEM)
CAN DO
• WHAT YOU CAN DO
• PROTECTIVE DEVICES

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 CAUSES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• STORM ACTIVITY – LIGHTNING, WIND, ICE

• OBJECTS COMING IN CONTACT WITH POWER LINE AND
TRIPPING BREAKER – TREE BRANCHES, ANIMALS, OTHER
• UTILITY FAULT CLEARING
• CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY
• ACCIDENTS – MOTOR VEHICLE, OTHER
• EQUIPMENT FAILURE
• OVERLOADING
• LOAD SWITCHING
• NON-LINEAR LOADS
• POOR GROUNDING
• ESD

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 TYPES OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• INTERRUPTION
• SAG, UNDER VOLTAGE
• SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE
• VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION
• FREQUENCY VARIATION
• SPIKES / TRANSIENTS
 IMPULSIVE
 OSCILLATORY
• WAVEFORM DISTORTION
 DC OFFSET
 HARMONICS
 INTERHARMONICS
 NOTCHING
 NOISE
• VOLTAGE IMBALANCE
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 DURATION OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• INSTANTANEOUS - ½ CYCLE (8 1/3 ms) OR LESS

• MOMENTARY - ½ CYCLE TO 3 SEC
• TEMPORARY - 3 SEC TO 1 MIN
• SUSTAINED - GREATER THAN 1 MINUTE

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CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM
POWER DISTURBANCES

• DISRUPTIVE
 EQUIPMENT DOES NOT OPERATE AS INTENDED

• DISSIPATIVE
 EQUIPMENT EXPERIENCES REPEATED STRESSES THAT LEAD TO
FAILURE LATER FOR NO APPARENT REASON

• DESTRUCTIVE
 EQUIPMENT FAILS AT THE INSTANT THE DISTURBANCE OCCURS

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 PROBLEMS RESULTING FROM
POWER DISTURBANCES

• DATA ERRORS
• DATA LOSS
• BLOWN FUSES
• TRIPPED BREAKERS
• INTERFERENCE WITH CONTROL OF LOADS
• OVERLOADED NEUTRAL CONDUCTORS
• MOTORS
 HEATING
 SPEED VARIATION
 STALLING
 AUDIBLE NOISE
 VIBRATION
• TRANSFORMERS
 HEATING
 AUDIBLE NOISE
 VIBRATION

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 POWER DISTURBANCES - COMMENTS

• NOT ONLY IS MODERN EQUIPMENT MORE SUSCEPTIBLE TO

POWER DISTURBANCES, BUT THE EQUIPMENT ITSELF
GENERATES MORE DISTURBANCES

• ALL LOADS, FROM LARGE POWERFULL MOTORS AND

INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT TO SMALL, SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS, ARE CONNECTED TO THE SAME POWER GRID

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 WHAT THE POWER UTILITY CAN DO TO MINIMIZE
THE EFFECT OF POWER DISTURBANCES

• INSTALL STORM RESISTANT WIRING

• USE INFRA RED SCANNING TO DETECT WEAK SPOTS IN
POWER LINES
• INSTALL REMOTE CONTROLLED RADIO SWITCHES TO
RESTORE POWER QUICKLY
• CLEAR TREE LIMBS AWAY FROM POWER LINES

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WHAT THE OEM CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT
OF POWER DISTURBANCES

BUILD EQUIPMENT CONTAINING ONE OR MORE INTERNAL

PROTECTIVE DEVICES
 SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES
 LINE FILTERS
 ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
 BATTERY OR CAPACITOR BACK UP TO INCREASE RIDE THROUGH TIME

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 WHAT YOU CAN DO TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT OF
POWER DISTURBANCES

• BUY EQUIPMENT THAT HAS INTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

 FOR EXAMPLE, BATTERY BACK UP FOR ANY APPLIANCE THAT
CONTAINS A CLOCK

• USE ONE OR MORE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE DEVICES

 SURGE PROTECTORS
 LINE FILTERS
 ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
 VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER
 UPS

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 PROTECTIVE DEVICES OTHER THAN UPS

• SURGE PROTECTIVE DEVICES – SPD’S

PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES OF LIMITED ENERGY
 METAL OXIDE VARISTORS – MOV
 DIODES
 GAS TUBES
 LCR FILTERS
 HYBRIDS

• LINE FILTERS
FILTERS OUT HARMONICS, TRANSIENTS AND NOISE

• ISOLATION TRANSFORMER
ELIMINATES DC OFFSET AND NOISE

• VOLTAGE REGULATING LINE CONDITIONER

AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS FOR UNDER AND OVER VOLTAGES
 CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER - CVT
 MOTORIZED VARIAC

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 POWER DISTURBANCES
AND
PROTECTIVE DEVICES

POWER DISTURBANCE PROTECTIVE DEVICE OFFER PROTECTION?

SURGE LINE FILTER ISOLATION VOLTAGE ON-LINE UPS
PROTECTOR TRANSFORMER REGULATING
LINE
CONDITIONER
INTERRUPTION YES
SAG, UNDER VOLTAGE YES YES
SURGE, OVER VOLTAGE YES YES
VOLTAGE FLUCTUATION YES YES
FREQUENCY VARIATION YES
IMPULSIVE YES YES YES
SPIKES / TRANSIENTS
OSCILLATORY YES YES YES
DC OFFSET YES YES
HARMONICS YES YES
WAVEFORM DISTORTION INTERHARMONICS YES
NOTCHING YES YES
NOISE YES YES YES
VOLTAGE IMBALANCE YES

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 UPS

• ARCHITECTURES
• WAVEFORMS
• INVERTER TECHNOLOGY
• COMPONENTS
• SWITCHOVER TIME
• ADVANTAGES / DIS-ADVANTAGES
• SIZING
• BATTERY SAFETY

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 UPS ARCHITECTURES

• LINE INTERACTIVE
• ON-LINE

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
LINE INTERACTIVE UPS

CRITICAL
AC SUPPLY AUTOMATIC LOAD
SWITCH
BATTERY INVERTER (AC)
CHARGER DC TO AC

BATTERY

AC FAIL

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
ON-LINE UPS

CRITICAL
AC SUPPLY AUTOMATIC LOAD
SWITCH
CONVERTER INVERTER (AC)
AC TO DC DC TO AC

BATTERY

INVERTER FAIL

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
LAPTOP COMPUTER POWER SUPPLY

CRITICAL
AC SUPPLY LOAD

CONVERTER CONVERTER (DC)

AC TO DC DC TO DC

BATTERY

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 UPS WAVEFORMS

• TRUE SINEWAVE
• MODIFIED SINEWAVE
• SQUARE WAVE

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 UPS WAVEFORMS

170

TRUE SINEWAVE
MODIFIED SINEWAVE
SQUARE WAVE
VOLTAGE

0
0 4 8 12 16 20

TIME (ms)

-170

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 INVERTER TECHNOLOGY FOR TRUE SINEWAVE

• PULSE WIDTH MODULATION - PWM

• LINEAR AMPLIFIER
• RESONANT INVERTER

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
PWM INVERTER

DC POWER

CRITICAL
HIGH BASE /
PULSE WIDTH TRANSISTOR LOAD
FREQUENCY GATE TRANSFORMER FILTER
MODULATOR BRIDGE
GENERATOR DRIVE
(AC)

REFERENCE
SINEWAVE
GENERATOR
COMPARISON
AMPLIFIER

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
LINEAR AMPLIFER INVERTER

DC POWER

SINEWAVE CRITICAL
OSCILLATOR LOAD
TRANSFORMER
(AC)
OSCILLATOR
AMPLIFIER COMPARISON POWER
AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM
RESONANT INVERTER

DC POWER

CRITICAL
SQUARE
SWITCH TRANSISTOR LC RESONANT LOAD
WAVE TRANSFORMER
DRIVE SWITCHES TANK FILTER
GENERATOR
(AC)

(OR FERRORESONANT)

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 UPS COMPONENTS

• CONVERTER - AC TO DC
 SPD - PROTECTS AGAINST SPIKES AND TRANSIENTS
• BATTERY
 STORED ENERGY DEVICE - PROTECTS AGAINST INTERRUPTIONS
• INVERTER – DC TO AC
 WAVEFORM SYNTHESIS – PROTECTS AGAINST DC OFFSET AND
INTERHARMONICS
 FILTER – PROTECTS AGAINST HARMONICS, NOTCHING AND NOISE
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR – PROTECTS AGAINST SAGS, SURGES AND
FLUCTUATIONS
• MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE

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 SWITCHOVER TIME

• A TYPICAL SWITCHOVER TIME 2 – 4 ms

ONE QUARTER CYCLE OR LESS

FOR SOME EQUIPMENT THIS IS NOT TOLERABLE

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 ADVANTAGES / DIS-ADVANTAGES OF THE
DIFFERENT UPS ARCHITECTURES

• LINE INTERACTIVE ADVANTAGES

 AC TO DC CONVERTER / BATTERY CHARGER DOES NOT HAVE TO
PROVIDE FULL LOAD POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER)
 LESS STRESS ON DC TO AC INVERTER SINCE IT RUNS AT NO LOAD UNTIL
UPS SWITCHES TO BATTERY POWER (POTENTIALLY CHEAPER)

• ON-LINE ADVANTAGES
 ZERO SWITCHOVER TIME FROM MAIN LINE TO BATTERY POWER
 ALWAYS ISOLATED FROM POWER DISTURBANCES ON THE MAIN LINE

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 SIZING THE UPS

• EQUIPMENT RATINGS FOR LOADS

 OBTAIN RATINGS FROM NAMEPLATE OR SPEC SHEET
 ENERGY USAGE MAY BE SPECIFIED IN VOLT AMPS (VA) OR WATTS (W)
AND IN VALUES THAT ARE EITHER MAXIMUM OR NOMINAL
 (VA) AND (W) ARE RELATED VIA THE POWER FACTOR

• TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS VOLT AMP
(VA) RATING

• TOTAL UPS LOAD MUST NOT EXCEED THE UPS WATT (W)
RATING

• OVERSIZE / DERATE TO ADD LIFE

• RUNTIME CHARTS
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 UPS SIZING – EXAMPLE SPREADSHEET

ITEM EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION MANUFACTURER MODEL VOLT POWER NOTES

AMPS
MAX MAX

(va) (w)
1 PC
2 MONITOR
3 EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE 1
4 EXTERNAL HARD DRIVE 2
5 AUDIO SYSTEM
6 PRINTER 1
7 PRINTER 2
8 CABLE MODEM
9 LAPTOP / DOCKING STATION
10 PHONE AND ANSWER MACHINE
11 LAMP
12 CLOCK
TOTAL

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 BATTERY SAFETY

• MAINTENANCE
 INSPECT PERIODICALLY
 REPLACE AS NEEDED

• RISKS
 ACID
 ELECTRIC SHOCK
 BURN
 FLYING, MOLTEN METAL (EYES)
 INJURIES RESULTING FROM CARRYING HEAVY BATTERY PACKS

• DISPOSAL
 DISPOSE OF PROPERLY
 RECYCLE WHENEVER POSSIBLE

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 GENERAL DISCUSSION

• DOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION?

• DO YOU THINK “POWER DISTURBANCES WON’T HAPPEN TO
YOU” ?
• MISCELLANEOUS

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 DOES A UPS OFFER COMPLETE PROTECTION?

• SOME POWER DISTURBANCES MAY EXCEED THE HANDLING

CAPABILITY OF THE UPS

• UPS FAILURE

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 DO YOU THINK “POWER DISTURBANCES WON’T
HAPPEN TO YOU” ?

• POWER DISTURBANCES OCCUR FREQUENTLY, THOUGH

MANY ARE SMALL AND WITHOUT CONSEQUENCE

• AN ON-LINE UPS CAN PROTECT AGAINST MORE SIGNIFICANT

POWER DISTURBANCES WHEN THEY DO OCCUR

• THE COST OF NOT HAVING A UPS CAN EASILY EXCEED THE

COST OF A UPS

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 MISCELLANEOUS

• MANY RETAIL UPS FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS ARE LINE

INTERACTIVE

• MANUFACTURERS AND BUILDING CODES DO NOT ALLOW

EXTENSION CORDS OR SURGE SUPPRESSORS TO BE USED
WITH A UPS

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 SUMMARY
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN SPECIFYING A UPS

• POWER QUALITY
 ARCHITECTURE - LINE INTERACTIVE OR ON-LINE
 WAVEFORM - SQUARE, MODIFIED SINE, TRUE SINE
 IMMUNITY TO DISTURBANCES OTHER THAN OUTAGE
• RUN TIME WITH AN OUTAGE
• RELIABILITY
• AUDIBLE NOISE
• MONITOR AND CONTROL HARDWARE / SOFTWARE
 LOCAL / REMOTE CONTROL
• INITIAL COST
• MAINTENANCE COST
• WARRANTY

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 REFERENCES

• IEEE STANDARD 1100-2005

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR POWERING AND GROUNDING SENSITIVE
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT

• IEEE STANDARD 1159-1995

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR MONITORING ELECTRICAL POWER QUALITY

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QUESTIONS

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