Saint Paul University Philippines

Improving Knowledge on Breast Cancer

and Breast Self-Examination (BSE), BSE
Self-Efficacy and Frequency through the
use of Mobile Text Messaging: A
Randomized Controlled Trial

Jolo Galabay
Angeline Anastacio
Leodoro Labrague

4th International Health Congress

 Background/ Problem Statement
Educating women regarding breast cancer and
The Philippines
experienced a
increasing breast self-examination uptake
dramatic increase in
breast cancer remain a major challenge despite the intensive
incidence with 24,798
cases accounting to campaigns by the government. Hence, An
31.4% per 100,000
populations in 2017
next to Indonesia
innovative, cost-effective, and easily
making it as the top
leading cause of
customized intervention is needed especially in
cancer among Filipino
women (Bray et al., under – resourced and hard to reach
2018; Youlden et al.,
2014) communities. The utilization mobile
technology, such as mobile text messaging can
be a viable tool to achieve this goal
Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 PURPOSE / OBJECTIVES
Determine whether mobile text messaging is
effective in increasing women’s knowledge of
breast cancer and breast self-examination (BSE),
BSE self – efficacy, and BSE frequency.
Specifically, this study aimed to:
Determine if there is a significant difference on
the breast cancer and BSE knowledge, BSE self –
efficacy and BSE frequency among women in the
control group and experimental group after the
intervention
Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 METHODS - RESEARCH DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS

Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 METHODS - Instrumentation and Data Analysis
• Four self-report questionnaires: The
Breast Cancer Knowledge Scale (Ondrusek
et al, 1999), BSE Self – Efficacy Scale
(Champion, 1993), and Frequency of BSE
Scale (Al Khasawneh, 2009)
• Frequency, mean, percentage, and
standard deviation
• T-test and Analysis of Covariance
(ANCOVA)
Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 Methods – Instrumentation and Data Analysis
Figure 2. Screenshot of Actual Text Messages (in Filipino language)

Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 Results/Discussions
Table 1. Comparison of the demographics of the subjects in the experimental
and control group. Experimental group(n=63) and control group (n=60)
Mobile Group Control Group
Characteristics Test Statistic p
n or M % or SD n or M % or SD
Age 30.56 (8.99) 29.51 (7.90) t=0.681 0.198
Marital Status
Widowed 4 6.3 1 1.7 X2=2.951 0.566
Single 23 36.5 23 38.3
Married 36 57.1 36 60.0
Education
None 2 3.2 2 3.3 X2=3.198 0.784
Elementary graduate
3 4.8 2 3.3
Elementary
undergraduate 3 4.8 2 3.3
High school graduate
19 30.2 19 31.7
High school
undergraduate 6 9.5 6 10.0
College graduate 10 15.9 16 26.7
College undergraduate
20 31.7 13 21.7
Number of Children
Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 Results/Discussions
Table 2. Outcomes of ANCOVA for Breast CA Knowledge, BSE
Knowledge, BSE Self-efficacy, and BSE Frequency between Mobile
group (n=63) and control group (n=60)
Pre-test Post-test
Mobile Control Mobile Control
Variables Group Group Group Group Fa p
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)

Breast CA
Knowledge 2.81 (2.15) 3.56 (1.98) 4.98 (2.02) 3.69 (1.78) 21.756 0.001*

BSE Knowledge 5.67 (3.08) 6.65 (3.24) 7.90 (3.09) 6.75 (3.15) 6.776 0.01**
BSE Self-
efficacy 2.65 (1.08) 2.75 (1.03) 2.67 (1.08) 2.78 (1.03) 1.446 0.232

BSE Frequency
1.30 (1.38) 1.47 (1.68) 1.32 (1.38) 1.48 (1.68) 3.374 0.69

Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 Results/Discussions
Table. 3 Relationship between breast cancer knowledge, BSE
knowledge, BSE self-efficacy, and BSE frequency
Variables BCK BSEK BSES BSEF

1. Breast Cancer Knowledge 1

(BCK)

1. Breast-self-examination 0.509* 1
knowledge (BSEK)

1. BSE self-efficacy (BSES) 0.000 0.174** 1

1. BSE frequency (BSEF) 0.281* 0.368* 0.079 1

Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 CONCLUSIONS

• Mobile text messaging significantly enhanced the

knowledge on breast CA and BSE among women;
however, it did not affect their BSE self-efficacy and
frequency.
• Healthcare institutions may alternatively use this
method to reinforce breast cancer education to women
of reproductive age.

Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text
 CONCLUSIONS

• The Philippines, having the highest mobile penetration

rates in the Southeast Asia with approximately 70.9
million users or 68% of the total population (eMarketer,
2016), can maximize the use of this technology, mobile
text messaging in particular, to deliver healthcare
services especially in hardly reached and underserved
areas of the country.

Improving Breast Cancer Knowledge, Breast Self-Examination (BSE) Self-Efficacy and Frequency of BSE through the use of Mobile Text

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 Saint Paul University Philippines

THANK YOU!

4th International Health Congress