MATERIAL FOR
CIVIL & HIGHWAY
ENGINEERING
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
BUILDING MATERIALS
1. SOIL
2. WATER
3. CEMENT MATERIAL
4. BRICKS
5. SAND (FINE AGGREGATE)
6. COARSE AGGREGATE
7. STONE FOR BUILDINGS
8. STEEL
COMPOSITE MATERIALS
1. FLOORING
2. WALLS
3. CONCRETE
4. ROOFING
SOIL CLASSIFICATION
(i) GRAVEL 60mm 2mm
1. Hydrophobic Cement
2. Anti-bacterial Cement
3. Anti-Funngal and Anti-Algal Cement
4. Water proofed Cement
5. Oil Well Cement
6. Barium and Stroncium Cement
7. Modified Cements
MODIFIED CEMENT
Such types of cement are achieved by adding
polymers in OPC, following are the types:
2. SETTING TIME
a) Initial setting time = 45 minutes (min.)
b) Final setting time = 10 hours (max.)
3. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(As per BS Standard Specifications)
a) Concrete cube (4”) (3-days) 1:2½:3½
= Not less than 15 N/mm2 (2175 psi)
Concrete cube (4”) (28-days)
= Not less than 30-52 N/mm2 (4930-7540 psi)
b) Mortar cube (2.78”) (3-days) 1:3
= Not less than 25 N/mm2 (3625 psi)
Mortar cube (2.78) (28-days)
= Not less than 47-67 N/mm2 (6815-9715 psi)
4. SOUNDNESS
10mm (Maximum)
5. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
(As per ASTM Standard Specifications)
6. SOUNDNESS
10mm (Maximum)
BRICKS
SIZE OF BRICKS IN VARIOUS
COUNTRIES
COUNTRY NOMINAL SIZE (IN.)
UK up to 1984 9 x 4½ x 3
From 1985 8-7/8 x 4-7/16 x 2-15/16
U.S.A. 8-1/8 x 4-1/8 x 2-3/4
U.S.S.R 10 x 5 x 3
FRANCE 10 x 5 x 3
GERMANY 10 x 5 x 2-7/8
SWITZERLAND 10 x 5 x 3
COUNTRY NOMINAL SIZE (IN.)
INDONESIA
THAILAND 8-3/8 x 4-3/16 x 2-7/8
MALAYSIA
JAPAN
INDO-PAK
a) Aryan era 11 x 5-½ x 2¼
b) Bhadhist era 11 x 11 x 2¼
c) Mughal era 8 x4 x2
d) British era 9-1/4 x 4-5/8 x 3
e) Old Irrigation & 10 x 5 x 3
Bangla Desh
SOIL FOR BRICK MOULDING
Clay = 20 – 35%
Silt = 20 – 35%
• Efflorescence
• Cryptoflourescence
• Scum Formation
B. TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
CARBON = 4%
W = 96%
C = 6%
W = 87%
Co = 6%
Fe = 1%
MAIN TYPES OF STRUCTURAL
STEEL
1. MILD STEEL
2. HARD STEEL (HIGH TENSILE)
3. HARD STEEL (FUSION WELD
ABLE)
4. TOR STEEL (HIGH TENSILE IN
COLD FORM)
5. PRE-STRESSED STEEL
PROPERTIES OF MILD STEEL
b. Composition
Copper = 0.2% TO 0.5%
Sulphur & phosphorous = Not More Than 0.06%
PROPERTIES OF HARD STEEL
a. Physical Properties
Yield Point (TSI) = 23
Ultimate Stress (TSI) = 37 – 43
Elongation (%) = Not Less Than 18%
b. Composition
Carbon = Not more than 0.3%
Copper = 0.6%
Sulphur & phosphorous = Not More Than 0.5%
PROPERTIES OF HARD STEEL
(High tensile fusion welding quality)
a. Physical Properties
Yield Point (TSI) = 23
Ultimate Stress (TSI) = 37 – 43
Elongation (%) = 14%
b. Chemical Properties
C = 0.23%
Si = 0.35%
Mn = 1.8%
Cr = 1.0%
Ni = 0.5%
S = 0.06%
P = 0.06%
TOR STEEL
Element % Contents
Carbon 0.72 to 0.93
Manganese 0.40 to 1.10
Phosphorus 0.040
Silicon 0.050
0.10 to 0.35
CONCRETE
Requirement of compressive strength of concrete (Psi)
as per BSS
Laboratory Tests Work Tests
Nominal
Type
Mix
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days
a. Destructive Test.
• Core Drilling etc.
b. Non-destructive.
• Schmidth Hammer.
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Tester.
PRE-CASTED UNITES FITTING & FIXTURES
1. Pre-stressed pre-casted concrete components.
2. Sanitary fittings and sanitary wares
3. Electrical fitting & fixtures.
4. Electrical wires & cables.
5. PVC, water supply pipes and Tanks
6. PVC sewerage pipes.
7. Water pumps and Turbines
8. Concrete pavers
9. Floor tiles
10. Structural steel
11. Doors & windows
12. Termicide Firm
13. Paints & emulsions
14. GI Pipes
15. U.PVC pipes
16. Polyethylene pressure pipes
17. Doors and Doors panels
18. Aluminum components
19. Wall paneling materials
20. False ceiling material
21. Vinyl floor tiles
22. Light polls and panels
23. G.I. / C.I. Pipes
ROAD CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL
(1) The properties of Water, Portland Cement,
Aggregates, Steel and Bricks for use in Road
Construction are quite similar to those to be used in
Building Construction.
1. CARBONATION
2. SEA WATER
3. SULPHATE ACTION
4. ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
(a) Alkali Silica - Reaction
(b) Alkali Carbonate - Reaction
LOW COST HOUSING
TYPES OF HOUSING
1. FRAME STRUCTURE
2. BRICK STRUCTURE
3. MUD HOUSES
COMPONENTS OF
A LOW COST HOUSE
1. PLANNING AND ORIENTATION
2. FOUNDATION
3. DAMP PROOF COARSE (DPC)
4. FLOORS
5. BRICKS
6. WALLS
7. ROOFS
8. WOOD
9. PLASTER
10. CEMENTING MATERIALS
11. FITTINGS & FIXTURES
PLANNING & ORIENTATION
1. The orientation of a building is a very
important while planning the
construction.
2. The orientation should be such that
the building is to be well ventilated.
3. The orientation should be designed in
a way that maximum sun light may
enter in winter and minimum in
summer.
FOUNDATION
1. The foundation has two components:
a) Foundation Base
b) Foundation masonry
a) Foundation Base