Digital Radio

ELE 10
Digital Communications Lecture 3

REVIEW: MODULATION
 MODULATION
• Analog Modulation
– AM, FM, PM
• Digital Modulation
– Line encoding, Scrambling, Block Coding
• Digital Radio
– ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM
• Pulse Modulation
– PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM
TWO TYPES OF TRANSMISSION
TWO TYPES OF TRANSMISSION
 TWO TYPES OF TRANSMISSION
• Broadband Transmission
– The digital signal modulates a high frequency
carrier and transmit the information in the form
of a radio wave.
• Baseband Transmission
– The analog (sometimes digital) signal is modulates
the digital signal in the form of a pulse and is then
transmitted into the channel
Digital Communications Lecture 3

TERMINOLOGIES IN DIGITAL RADIO

 M-ary ENCODING

Where: N – number of bits

M – number of levels, possibilities
etc.
 M-ary ENCODING
Sample Problem
• Determine the number of bits required to
encode a signal that can be represented into
256 different symbols.

ANS: N = 8
 BIT RATE AND BAUD
• Both bit rate and baud refers to the rate at
which information, in terms of bits, are
transmitted
• Bit rate is the rate of information before
modulation and baud is the rate of
information after modulation
BIT RATE AND BAUD

MODULATOR
 NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
• This refers to the minimum theoretical
bandwidth required for a signal to propagate

Where: BW – Nyquist bandwidth

fb – signal bit rate
N – number of bits
 NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
Sample Problem
• Suppose you have a system that encodes data
using a 3 – level coding. Determine the
Nyquist bandwidth if the data rate at the input
of the modulator is 8 kbps.

ANS: 5.047 kHz

 BAUD AND NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
RELATIONSHIP
• Since baud is the encoded rate of change
baud can be calculated using this formula:

• Notice that baud = BW

 BAUD AND NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
RELATIONSHIP
• What data rate is required at the output of the
modulator if the Nyquist bandwidth is 8 MHz?

ANS: 8 Msym/sec or 8 Mbps

Digital Communications Lecture 3

DIGITAL RADIO
 DIGITAL RADIO
• A modulation system wherein the modulating
signal is a digital signal and the carrier is a high
– frequency analog signal
• Also called digital – to – analog conversion
DIGITAL RADIO
Digital Communications Lecture 3

AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING

 AMPLITUDE SHIFTKeying
Amplitude-Shift KEYING (ASK)
(ASK)

• Process of changing the amplitude of a

relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion to the instantaneous value of a
digital modulating signal.
• Sometimes called digital amplitude
modulation.
• Sometimes called on-off keying (OOK)
because amplitude of modulated wave could
be on (with value other than 0) or off (0 Volt).
 ON – OFF KEYING (OOK)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Baseband
signal

Carrier

c (t )
g (t )

ASK signal
On-Off Keying
(OOK)
s (t )
 AMPLITUDE-SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Baseband
signal

Carrier

c (t )
g (t )

ASK
signal

s (t )
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
• Mathematically, ASK can be expressed as:

where:
V(t) = ASK wave
Vm(t) = modulating signal (Volts)
A/2 = unmodulated carrier amplitude
ωc = analog carrier radian frequency
 BAUD, NYQUIST BANDWIDTH,
BANDWIDTH
• Bandwidth requirements for ASK are
calculated using the formula:

BW = (1+ d) fb

where: d= factor related to modulation process

(usually 0)
fb= bit rate
 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
Sample Problem
• Determine the baud & minimum BW
necessary to pass a 10 kbps binary signal using
ASK.

ANS: 10 kbps
 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
Sample Problem
• For a logic 1 input, give the equation of an ASK
wave if it has an amplitude of 2 and a carrier
frequency of 60 Hz.

ANS: 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅𝒕)
 AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING (ASK)
Sample Problem
• We have an available bandwidth of 100 kHz
which spans from 200 to 300 kHz. Determine
the carrier frequency and the bit rate if we
modulated our data by using ASK with d = 1.

ANS: 250 kHz, 50 kbps

Digital Communications Lecture 3

FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
• Process of changing the frequency of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion to the instantaneous value of a
digital modulating signal.
• Sometimes called binary FSK (BFSK) because
modulating signal could have two discrete
levels.
• Similar to standard FM except that the
modulating signal is a binary signal that varies
between two discrete voltages.
 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Baseband
signal

g (t )

Carrier

c (t )

FSK
signal

s (t )
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION
• The general expression for a binary FSK signal
could be written as:

Where:
V(t) = BFSK waveform
Vc = peak unmodulated carrier amplitude (V)
fc = analog carrier center frequency (Hz)
Vm(t) = binary digital modulating signal
Δf = peak frequency deviation. (Hz)
 Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Baseband
signal

g (t )

Carrier

c (t )

FSK
signal

s (t )
 PEAK FREQUENCY DEVIATION

Where: Δf – peak frequency deviation

fm – mark frequency
fs – space frequency
 H - FACTOR
• This is the equivalent of the modulation index
in FM. This gives the ratio of the peak
frequency deviation and the carrier frequency
 NYQUIST BANDWIDTH
• FSK is an exemption to rule of baud = BW for
the Nyquist bandwidth of FSK is given by:
 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Sample Problem
• For FSK modulator with space, rest, and mark
frequency of 60, 70, 80 MHz respectively, and
an input bit rate of 20 Mbps, determine the H
- factor, minimum bandwidth required, and
the baud rate.

ANS: H = 1, BW = 60 MHz, baud = 20 Mbps

 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Sample Problem
• Determine (a) the peak frequency deviation,
(b) minimum bandwidth, (c) baud for a binary
FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, a
space frequency of 51 kHz, and an input bit
rate of 2 kbps.

ANS: (a) Δf = 1 kHz (b)BW = 6 kHz (c)baud = 2

kbps
 FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
Sample Problem
• Calculate the frequency shift (deviation)
between mark and space for GSM cellular
radio system that uses Gaussian MSK with a
transmission rate of 270.833 kbps.

ANS: 135.4165 kHz

Digital Communications Lecture 3

PHASE SHIFT KEYING

 PHASE SHIFT KEYING (PSK)
• Process of changing the phase of a relatively
high frequency carrier signal in accordance to
a digital modulating signal.
• Can have different forms:
– BPSK (also called Phase Reversal Keying)
– QPSK
– M - PSK
 Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Baseband
signal

g (t )

Carrier

c (t )

PSK
signal

s (t )
 CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
• The representation of a digital modulation
scheme on the complex plane.
• The diagram is formed by choosing a set of
complex numbers to represent modulation
symbols. These points are usually ordered by
the gray code sequence.
 CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM

Binary QPSK
Input Output Phase
00 -135o
01 -45o
10 +135o
11 +45o
 CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
Sample Problem
• Construct the constellation diagram of 8 –
PSK.
 PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Sample Problem
• A QPSK modulator with an input bit rate of 10
Mbps has a carrier frequency of 80 MHz.
Determine the double – sided minimum
Nyquist bandwidth.

ANS: 5 MHz
 PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Sample Problem
• Redo the previous problem using an 8-PSK
modulator.

ANS: 3.33 MHz

 PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Sample Problem
• Calculate the data rate at the output of a 16 –
PSK modulator with carrier frequency of 10
MHz. Its input bit rate is 5 Mbps

ANS: 1.25 Mbps

Digital Communications Lecture 3

QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION
 QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE
MODULATION (QAM)
• QAM is a form of digital modulation where the
digital information is contained in both the
amplitude and phase of the transmitted
carrier.
• It is carried out by changing (modulating) the
amplitude of two carrier waves. The carrier
waves are out of phase by 90O, and are called
quadrature carriers – hence the name of the
scheme.
 CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
Binary Amplitude Phase
000 0.765 V - 135o
001 1.848 V -135o
010 0.765 V -45o
011 1.848 V -45o
100 0.765 V +135o
101 1.848 V +135o
110 0.765 V +45o
111 1.848 V +45o
Digital Communications Lecture 3

BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY
 BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY
• Ratio of the transmission rate to the
minimum bandwidth
• Also called spectral efficiency and information
density

Where: BWη – bandwidth efficiency

 BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY
• For an 16 – QAM system with input bit rate of
10 Mbps, determine the information density.

ANS: 4 bits/cycle
END OF SESSION 