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CCNA (Cisco

Certified Network
Associate)
CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF NETWORKING
• NETWORKING DEVICES
• NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• IP ADDRESS
• CLASSES OF IP ADDRESS
• SUB NETTING
• IP ROUTING
• DEFAULT GATEWAY
• ROUTING PROTOCOL
• TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOL
INTRODUCTION
• CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network
Associate
• It gives the information about networking, its
types and its application.
• Networking is very important as it provides
communication.
• It is also very useful as it helps in resource
sharing.
TYPES OF NETWORKING
Some of the following types of networking are as
follows:

• LAN: A local area network, or LAN, consists of a


computer network at a single site, typically an
individual office building. A LAN is very
useful for sharing resources, such as data
storage and printers.

• WAN: A wide area network, or WAN, occupies a very


large area, such as an entire country or the entire
world. A WAN can contain multiple smaller
networks, such as LANs or MANs. The Internet is
the best-known example of a public WAN.
NETWORKING DEVICES
Some of the following Networking devices are as
follows:
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
• Modem
• Firewall
HUB
• A hub, also called a network
hub, is a common connection
point for devices in a network.
A hub connects multiple wires
coming from different branches.
Hubs are devices commonly
used to connect segments of a
LAN. The hub contains multiple
ports.
SWITCH
Switches are similar to hubs, only smarter. A hub
simply connects all the nodes on the network. A
switch, on the other hand, creates an electronic
tunnel between source and destination ports for a
split second that no other traffic can enter. This
results in communication without collisions.
A switch, in the context of networking is a high-
speed device that receives incoming data packets
and redirects them to their destination on a local
area network.
ROUTER
A router is a device that
analyzes the contents of data
packets transmitted within a
network or to another network.
A router is a device that routes
packets from one network to
another.
Routers determine whether the
source and destination are on
the same network or whether
data must be transferred from
one network type to another.
MODEM
A modem is a device or program that enables
a computer to transmit data over, for example,
telephone or cable lines. Computer information
is stored digitally, whereas information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted
in the form of analog waves.
FIREWALL
• A firewall is a system designed to prevent
unauthorized access to or from a private
network.
• Firewalls prevent unauthorized internet users
from accessing private networks connected to
the internet.
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
• Network topology defines the structure of the
network or arrangement of network including its
nodes and connecting lines.
• Several Network Topologies are as follows:
▫ Mesh Topology
▫ Star Topology
▫ Tree Topology
▫ Bus Topology
▫ Ring Topology
IP ADDRESS
• IP stands for Internet Protocol.
• An IP address is a 32-bit number that identifies a
host on a network.
• Each device that wants to communicate with other
devices on a TCP/IP network needs to have an IP
address configured.
• For example: In order to access the internet, our
computer will need to have an IP address assigned .
• IP address identifies a system location, on network.
CLASSES OF IP ADDRESSES
• TCP/IP defines five classes of IP addresses:
classes A,B,C,D AND E. Each class has a range of
valid
Class IP addresses.
Range Default Subnet Use
Mask
A 0-127 255.0.0.0 Large Company

B 128-191 255.255.0.0 Medium Company

C 192-223 255.255.255.0 Small Company

D 224-239 N/A Multicasting Company

E 240-255 N/A Reserve for R & D


SUB NETTING
• Subnetting is a logical subdivision of an IP
network or the practice of dividing a network
into two or more smaller networks. It increases
routing efficiency, enhances the security of the
network and reduces the size of the broadcast
domain. A subnet is a logical partition of an IP
network into multiple, smaller network
segments. It is typically used to subdivide large
networks into smaller, more efficient sub
networks.
IP ROUTING
• IP routing is the process of sending packets
from a host on one network to another host on a
different remote network. This process is usually
done by routers. Routers examine the
destination IP address of a packet , determine
the next-hop address, and forward the packet.
Routers use routing tables to determine a next
hop address to which the packet should be
forwarded.
Consider the following example of IP routing:

Host A wants to communicate with host B, but


host B is on another network. Host A is
configured to send all packets destined for
remote networks to router R1. Router R1
receives the packets, examines the destination IP
address and forwards the packet to the outgoing
interface associated with the destination
network.
Default gateway
• A default gateway is a router that hosts use to
communicate with other hosts on remote
networks. A default gateway is used when a host
doesn’t have a route entry for the specific remote
network and doesn’t know how to reach that
network. Hosts can be configured to send all
packets destined to remote networks to a default
gateway, which has a route to reach that
network.
Let us take an example:

Host A has an IP address of the router R1 configured


as the default gateway address. Host A is trying to
communicate with host B, a host on another, remote
network. Host A looks up in its routing table to
check if there is an entry for that destination
network. If the entry is not found, the host sends all
data to the router R1. Router R1 receives the packets
and forwards them to host B.
Routing protocols
• Dynamic routes are routes learned via routing
protocols. Routing protocols are configured on
routers with the purpose of exchanging routing
information. There are many benefits of using
routing protocols in your network, such as:
▫ unlike static routing, you don’t need to manually
configure every route on each router in the network.
You just need to configure the networks to be
advertised on a router directly connected to them.
▫ if a link fails and the network topology changes,
routers can advertise that some routes have failed and
pick a new route to that network.
Types of routing protocols
• There are two types of routing protocols:

1. Distance vector:
As the name implies, distance vector routing protocols
use distance to determine the best path to a remote
network. The distance is something like the number of
hops (routers) to the destination network.

2. Link state:
Link state routing protocols are the second type of
routing protocols. They have the same basic purpose as
distance vector protocols, to find a best path to a
destination
THANK YOU

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