Planning

S. S. Khanka, M. Com., Ph. D.

Professor (HR) & Programme Coordinator
Master of Business Administration
University School of Management & Entrepreneurship
Delhi Technological University
(Formerly Delhi College of Engineering)
Delhi 110 095
E-mail: sskhanka2@gmail.com
sskhanka05@rediffmail.com
Mobile: 9560840090 1
 Structure

• Meaning

• Objectives / Purpose

• Benefits

• Types

• Process

• Limitations 2
 Thinking Tree

• “A goal without a plan is just a wish.”

- Anonymous
• “A plan is a trap laid to capture the future.” - Allen
• “If I do not know where to go, no road will lead me there.”
- Anonymous
• “The 9/11 attack itself played out around the world, with
planning meetings in Malaysia, operatives taking flight
lessons in the United States, coordination by plot leaders
based in Hamburg, and money transfers from Dubai -
activities overseen by al-Qaeda's senior command from
secure bases in Afghanistan.” - Peter Bergen
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 Planning
• A plan is a blueprint for action: It specifies:
• Resource allocations
• Schedules
• Actions necessary for attaining goals
• Planning is the act of determining the organization’s goals
and the means for achieving them.
• Planning (also called forethought) is the process of thinking
about and organizing the activities required to achieve a
desired goal.
• Planning can be simply defined as the process of deciding in
detail how to do something before you actually start to do it.
For Example: The trip needs careful planning.
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 Objectives / Purposes
• “If I am given six hours to cut a tree, I shall devote first
FOUR to sharpen my axe.” - Abraham Lincoln

• “To fail to plan is to plan to fail.” - Benjamin Franklin

• This is a story about four people named Everybody,

Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There was an important
job to be done. Everybody was sure that Somebody would
do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it.
Somebody got angry about that because it was Everybody’s
job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody
realized that Everybody would not do it. It ended up that
Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what
Anybody could have done.
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 Benefits
• An organisation without planning is like a sailboat minus its
rudder.
• According to Koontz and O’Donnell:
“Without planning business becomes random in nature and
decisions become meaningless and adhoc choices.”
• According to Geroge R. Terry:
“Planning is the foundation of most successful actions of
any enterprise.”
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Following are some important benefits that planning
provides:

• Reduction of Uncertainty

• Better Utilization of Resources

• Increases organizational Effectiveness

• Reduces the Cost of Performance

• Helps in Coordination

• Encouragement to Innovation

• Increases Competitive Strength 7

 Types of Plans
Strategic Plan Strategic plans define the framework of the organization’s vision
and how the organization intends to make its vision a reality.
it is done by the top management of an organization.
The strategic plan must be forward looking, effective and flexible,
with a focus on accommodating future growth.
Tactical Plan Tactical plans describe the tactics that the managers plan to adopt
to achieve the objectives set in the strategic plan.
Tactical plans span a short time frame (usually less than 3 years)
and are usually developed by middle level managers.
Operational Operational plans are short-term (less than a year) plans
Plan developed to create specific action steps that support the strategic
and tactical plans.
TThey are developed by supervisors, team leaders, and facilitators
to support tactical plans. They govern the day-to-day operations
of an organization.
Contingency Alternative actions for unusual or crisis situations.
Plan 8
 Planning Process
Perception of Opportunities
↓
Establishing Objectives
↓
Planning Premises
↓
Identification of Alternatives
↓
Evaluation of Alternatives
↓
Selection of Alternative Plan
↓
Formulation of Supporting Plans
↓
Establishing Sequence of Activities
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10
 Limitations
1. Time Consuming

2, Costly

3. Reduces Initiatives of Employees

4. Resistance to Change

5. Problems of Technical Staff

6, Inaccuracy

7. Paperwork 11
Every Obstacle Can be Turned into an Opportunity
• It was the 1912 Olympics, and Jim Thorpe, a Native American from
Oklahoma was representing the U.S. in track and field. On the
morning of his competitions, his shoes were stolen. Luckily, Jim
ended up finding two shoes in a garbage bin. That's the pair that he's
wearing in the photo. But one of the shoes was too big, so he had to
wear an extra sock.
• Wearing these shoes, Jim won two gold
medals.
• At the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm,
Thorpe became the only person ever to
win both the decathlon and the
pentathlon.
• Sir,” Sweden’s King Gustav V told
• Thorpe as he personally presented the gold medals, “you are the
greatest athlete in the world.”
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 Lessons
• This incident sets as a perfect reminder for us that we don’t have to
resign to the excuses when something holds us back.
• If life is not fair with many things like stolen shoes, ill health,
failed relationships, financial troubles, feelings of loneliness
anything, please make sure that you never stop running your
race. We can enjoy life and experience it more only when we
get over the excuses with which we are living today.
• We cannot guarantee a life without troubles but we can guarantee
success when we are ready to turn our every obstacle into
opportunity and accept the life as it is. It would be quite difficult
initially solving all the puzzles of life but when we face everything
with positive thoughts then over a period of time it becomes our
habit and also part of our life.
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Well Done
S.S. K.

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 Thank You All

Have Your Tea /Coffee