A. Redox Reactions
Cu(s)
Zn(s)
Pb(s)
Ag(s)
Redox Table
SOA Ag+(aq) + e- Ag(s)
Label each as OA or RA
Redox Table
SOA W2 (g) + 2e- 2W-(aq)
Z2 (g) + 2e- 2Z-(aq)
Y2 (g) + 2e- 2Y-(aq)
b) N in +5 –2
NO3- N O3–
+5 –6 = –1
c) C in C2H5OH
–2 +1 –2+1
C2 H5 O H
–4 +5 –2+1 = 0
d) C in C6H12O6
0 +1 –2
C6 H12 O6
0 +12 –12 = 0
figuring out oxidation numbers can help to identify
whether a reaction is a redox reaction or not
eg) -1 -2 0
2 H2O2(aq) 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)
0 +1 -1
Cl2(g) + 2 OH-(aq) ClO-(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O(l)
G. Balancing Redox Reactions
sometimes most reactants and products are known
but the complete reaction is not given…called a
skeleton reaction
1. Half Reaction Method
1. Assign oxidation numbers (ON).
2. Balance the element that changes in oxidation
number.
3. Add e– to balance the change in total oxidation
number.(ON subscript coefficient)
(+6) (+3)
+6 2 +3 2
4 H+(aq) + 3 e– + CrO42-(aq) CrO2-(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
+6 8 = 2 +3 4 = 1
(+6) (0)
+1 +3 2 0
6 H+(aq) + 6 e– + 2 HClO2(aq) Cl2(g) + 4 H2O(l)
+1 +3 4 = 0
Net
= 3 1 atom = 3 2 =6
= +2 1 atom = +2 3 =+6
Example 2:
Balance the following reaction using the oxidation number
method.
+4 -1 +3 +5
6
3
__ H2O(l) + 3 1 Br(aq)
__N2O4(g) + _ 2_ NO2 (aq) + _1 BrO3(aq) + __
6 H+(aq)
= 1 2 atoms = 2 3 =6
= +6 1 atom = +6
H. Redox Stoichiometry
1. Calculations
stoichiometry can be used to predict or analyze a
quantity of a chemical involved in a chemical
reaction
in the past we have used balanced chemical
equations to do stoich calculations
we can now apply these same calculations to
balanced redox equations
Example 1
What is the mass of zinc is produced when 100 g of
chromium is placed into aqueous zinc sulphate.
Cr(s) Zn2+(aq) SO42-(aq) H2O(l)
RA OA OA with H2O(l) OA/RA
SRA SOA
SOA (Red): Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Zn(s)
SRA (Ox): Cr(s) Cr2+(aq) + 2e-
Trial 1 2 3 4
Final Volume 18.40 35.30 17.30 34.10
(mL)
Volume of
KMnO4(aq).(mL) 17.40 16.90 16.70 16.80
Net:
2MnO4-(aq)+ 16H+(aq)+ 5Sn2+(aq) 2Mn2+(aq)+ 8H2O(l) + 5Sn4+(aq)
use net redox equation to calculate KMnO4(aq)
concentration
v = 0.01680 L v = 0. 01000 L
C=? c = 0.500 mol/L
n = 0.00500 mol x n = cv
2/5 = (0.500 mol/L)(0.01000 L)
= 0.00200 mol = 0.00500 mol
C= n
v
C = 0.00200 mol
0.01680 L
= 0.119 mol/L
I. Electrochemical Cells
1. Voltaic Cells
electric cells are devices that convert chemical
energy into electrical energy
Ni2+ (electrolyte)
anions
Al3+ (electrolyte)
cations
Al(s) Al3+(aq) Ni(s) Ni2+(aq) H2O(l)
S RA OA RA S OA OA/RA
spontaneous:yes
J. Commercial Cells
batteries are made by connecting two or more
voltaic cells in series (one after the other)
Net:
2 MnO2(s)+ H2O(l) + Zn(s) Mn2O3(aq) + 2 OH-(aq) + Zn2+(aq) Enet = +1.55
V
the OH- produced causes irreversible side reactions
to occur making recharging impossible
b) Nickel-Cadmium
one type of rechargeable battery
http://www.cheresources.com/chloralk.shtml
Example 1
An electric current is passed through a solution of nickel
(II) nitrate using inert electrodes. Predict the anode and
cathode reactions, overall reaction, and minimum voltage
required.
Ni2+(aq) NO3-(aq) H2O(l)
OA OA with H+(aq) OA/RA
SOA SRA
Enet = -1.37 V
Example 3
An electric current is passed through a solution of
copper(II) sulphate using a carbon electrode and a metal
electrode. Predict the anode and cathode reactions, overall
reaction, and minimum voltage required.
Cu2+(aq) SO42-(aq) H2O(l)
OA OA/RA OA/RA
SOA SRA
ne- = It
F
Fe
Zn coating
this method is also called cathodic protection