LEARNING TO BE A

BETTER STUDENT
CREATED BY:
CANTILERO, DAISY
ROXAS, ANGELICA MAY
NONONG, LHESTER
PAESTE, MARVIN
FROM:
BEED 1-B
WHAT IS LEARNING?

In the field of human behavior, learning may be defined as relatively permanent changes in
behavior brought about by practice and experience (COON 2001). As implied by the
definition, learning involves acquisitions of information or mastery of skills that brought about
changes not only in how the person thinks and feels but more importantly in how he
behaves.
There are many factors that affects the process of learning. Some of this factors are :
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LEARNER
(i.e. the learner’s level of intelligence, physiological condition, mindset, and interest)
THE INFORMATION/ MATERIAL TO BE LEARNED
(how interesting and comprehensive the material is)
THE SITUATION IN WHICH LEARNING SHOULD TAKE PLACE
(conduciveness of the learning venue, the teacher and availability of material/ resources)
According to Hence, If this things are considered, learning should proceed smoothly. This
may seem quite simple and clear cut but in reality people are different and these differences
make teaching students a learning task quite challenging
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LEARNING
According to (Carlson, 1995). The human brain is simply amazing.
Parts of the brain, specifically the cortex, the cerebrum, amygdala, and hippocampus are in-
tune with reality and everything else that happen in the external world and internal world of
learner.
LIMBIC SYSTEM
The cerebrum, is the biggest part of the brain. Its functions involve mental processes like
thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. Most information processing
happens in the higher brain center, the cerebral cortex.
The cerebral cortex, which covers the cerebrum, is involved in several functions associated
with learning including: determining intelligence, planning, and organization, and
processing sensory information.
The hippocampus, which is a part of the limbic system is responsible for processing and
storing short-term memory.
The amygdala, also of the limbic system, is responsible for emotions, survival instincts and
memory.
THE SENSORY APPARATUS
Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue, Skin and Kinesthetic senses.
It serve as gateways for the brain to take notice, understand and retain significant sensory
 Stimulus from Apparatus Sensation Brain: data
the Sensory Sensation maybe used or
environment Apparatus stored in
memory

RReaction/ PePerception
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF LEARNING Behavior giving meaning
to data
eaction/ rception giving
Behavior meaning to data

TYPES OF LEARNING
Psychologists have discovered through experiment conducted on animals and its
applicability to human beings, that learning may occur in two ways: by association or
associative learning and by cognition or cognitive learning (Feldman, 2010).
Associative Learning
a type of learning that takes place by associating or connecting a stimulus to a response to
a reinforcement.
Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and Operant Conditioning by B.F Skinner. Conditioned
responses/behavior can occur unconsciously or consciously within the individual.
Examples of learning through Classical Conditioning:
The aroma of your mother’s cooking makes you happy.
(The aroma reminds you of your loving mother.)
Hearing a certain song makes you feel sad.
(The song reminds you of a past relationship.)
Examples of learning through Operant Conditioning:
Studying hard for the quiz because you expect good grades.
Taking your vitamins everyday so you won’t get sick.
Cognitive Learning
is defined as learning through conscious mental activities like thinking, understanding and
remembering. In the cognitive approach, learning may occur in two ways:
A. Latent learning by Edward Tolman
is the acquisition of data that is then stored in memory for later use. Most of the learnings
that happen in school may be considered as latent learning. An important aspect of this
learning is the memory process and the formation of cognitive maps (e.g. Tolman’s maze).
Examples of Latent Learning:
Learning the 3Rs is of utmost significance to be successful in an industrial society.
Learning the disaster drills may prove useful when real disaster strikes.
B. Observational Learning was proposed by Albert Bandura
According to bandura, people can also learn by observing and imitating a model
(Feldman, 2010). Most importantly, the learner should also know the consequence of the
model’s behavior for the behavior to be imitated. If the model’s behavior results in a
negative consequence (e.g. a reprimand or some sort of punishment) then it is unlikely that
the learner will imitate the behavior.
Four factors should be present for learning through modeling to take place, These are:
Attention, The learner should focus on the behavior of the model.
Retention, The learner should store what he observed in memory for recall.
Motor Reproduction, The learner should be able to perform the model’s behavior from
memory.
Motivation/ Reinforcement, The learner’s behavior should be reinforced for the imitated
behavior to be repeated.
Examples of Observational Learning:
Carlos saw his friend studying and got a high score so Carlos studied hard too.
(Carlos imitated the behavior because of the positive results)
When susan saw the traffic officer issue a ticket to the driver for beating the red light, she
made sure that she slowed down when the traffic light turned yellow.
(Susan did not imitate the behavior because of the negative result.)
METACOGNITION
was a concept that was introduced by John Flavell (1979).
Is the process by which a person is thinking about, monitoring or observing his own thinking
process. This involves mental strategies like planning, organizing and adapting.
Meta means “beyond”, therefore metacognitive skills involve thought processes that are
beyond ordinary thinking.
Metacognitive thinking skills are employed when an individual faced with a problem would
analyze the problem breaking down into parts. This person would be likewise establish goals,
observe his own progress. Improvise his techniques and make corrective changes along the
way.
Metacognition can be learned and can help the person to smoothly adapt to situations in
an intelligent way (Coon, 2001)
The metacognitive process is important for learning to be a success. Typically it involves self-
regulation, the awareness of one’s strengths and weaknesses and the strategies a person
would use to overcome and handle life difficulties. There are three components of
metacognition:
1. Metacognitive Knowledge. This component is about knowing how the person learns and
his beliefs about learning in himself and others. It also includes awareness of how the person
processes information and the strategies he uses to optimize his learning.
2. Metacognitive Experience. This component refers to the affective aspect of the learning
process. Feeling’s provide a feedback system to help the person understand his response to
the whole process of learning. Positive emotions can motivate the person to continue
learning and a positive attitude directs the person to accomplish the learning task.
3. Metacognitive Strategies. These are techniques used by the person to monitor his learning
progress. The aim of these strategies is to discipline the person by controlling his thinking
activities and keeping him on track towards the completion of his learning goals.
STUDY STRATEGIES
Also known as study skills are approaches or techniques used to maximize learning to get
high grades, be successful in school and are useful in every aspect of life. Individuals learn
differently using as basis their strengths, weaknesses, interests and preferences.
Based on research, there are seven learning styles: visual, physical, aural, verbal, logical,
social and solitary. Knowing the learning style of a person will make his learning easy and
comfortable.
1. Visual involves ease in learning that is presented with pictures, images and colors.
2. Physical involves motor movements like drawing, building, and role-playing.
3. Aural involves listening, uses sound like music, and recordings.
4. Verbal creates ease in learning through the use of spoken or written words.
5. Logical involves using reasoning, arguments to explain and understand concepts and
ideas.
6. Social involves ease in learning with people and preference for study group.
7. Solitary is preference to learning by himself apart from any form of social distraction.
The following discussions will provide students with an overview of some study strategies that
they can use. Students can choose which one complement their unique learning style/s:
1. Have a plan as to when is the best time to study and stick to this plan.
2. Start reviewing the most difficult subject first.
3. Have a specific place for studying.
4. Outline and write notes.
5. Use mnemonics (memory aids).
6. Take notes during lectures and review notes during weekends or If possible read through
them every day.
7. Study in groups.
Students should remember that no matter how well they choose their study strategies, if they
are not in the proper state of mind for the study task, then the exercise will be a waste of
time. Learning still is dependent on the attitude of the learners to make learning smart, fun
MANAGING YOUR LEARNING: SELF-REGULATED LEARNING
Self-regulated learning is a form of self-empowered learning where in the learner is active and
self-guided in monitoring his own study. The study strategies discussed can help a lot and be a
smart in the self-regulated learning process. The following techniques can further guide the self-
regulated learner (Coon, 2001) :
 Have a specific learning goal in mind .
 Have a learning strategy.
 Be your own teacher.
 Monitor progress.
 Reinforce yourself.
 Evaluate your progress and goals.
 Take corrective action.
 Boost motivation.