Cement Standards

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Cement standard groups

• ASTM
• Very different from other standard groups

• EN
• Similar to old European standards (BS)

• GOST
• Now similar or comparable with EN

• Asian standards
• CN – similar or comparable to EN
• JP
• French standards - Africa

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ASTM
(American Standard Testing and Materials)
• ASTM C109 :
• Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength
• ASTM C114-15 :
• Standard Test methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic Cement
• ASTM C150 :
• Standard Specification for Portland Cement
• ASTM C1157 :
• Standard Performance Specification for Hydraulic Cement

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EN 197-1 Cement types (draft prEN2014)

Portland cement: CEM I

Portland-composite cement: CEM II

Blastfurnace cement: CEM III

Pozzolanic cement: CEM IV

Slag-pozzolanic cement: CEM V

Composite cement: CEM VI

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Classification of technical cement notations
DIN
DIN EN 197 1164

CEM III / B 32.5 N - LH / HS / NA

-S
(Addition for CEM II)

Cement Low heat on

Cement category: hydration (LH)
I,II, III, IV, V
High sulfate
Category for the share of
resistance
„admixtures“: A, B, C
Notation of the „admixture“: Low effective alkali
S, D, P, Q, V, W, T, L, LL content
Strength category: 32.5; 42.5; 52.5
Hardening speed category: L, N, R
L only for CEM III – cements !
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SNI
(Standar Nasional Indonesia)
• SNI 2049:2015 :
• Semen Portland (Reference : ASTM C150)
• SNI 0302:2014 :
• Semen Portland Pozolan (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)
• SNI 7064:2014 :
• Semen Portland Komposit (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)
• SNI 8363:2017 :
• Semen Portland Slag (Reference : ASTM C595, EN 197-1)
• Bedakan dengan SNI 6385-2016 Spesifikasi Semen Slag utk digunakan dalam
beton dan mortar
• SNI 15-0129-2004 :
• Semen Portland Putih (Reference : ASTM C150)
• SNI 15-3578-2004 :
• Semen Masonry (Reference : ASTM C91)

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Cement Constituents
CLINKER
Cement GYPSUM
Constituents
FILLER : limestone

SCMs:
Natural :
pozzolana, volcanic tuff
Industrial :
silica fume, slag, fly ash, calcined clay
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 Supplementary Cementitious Materials
(SCMs)
Classification by sources :
Natural Pozzolanas (ASTM C 618 Class N)
1. Produced from natural mineral deposits (e.g., volcanic ash or pumicite,
diatomaceous earth, opaline cherts and shales)
2. May require heat treatment (e.g., metakaolin or calcined clay, calcined shale,
rice hull ash, calcined shale)

Industrial/Processed / Manufactured
1. Silica fume (ASTM C 1240)
2. Fly Ash (ASTM C 215)
3. Slag (ASTM C 989).

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 Slags
• Can be activated by either grinding or by a chemical process;
• The main chemical activators are Na(OH), Ca(OH)2, SO42- and water glass
(Na2SiO3);
• Under an alkaline pH, Al2O3, SiO2 and CaO get into solution and generate
hydration products;
• The type of calcium sulfate, as well as the C3S content of the clinker, are
important factors for blended cement containing high amounts of slag since they
work as catalyst.

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Blended Cement with Slag

• Low heat of hydration;

• Low initial strength and higher long term strengths;
• Lower permeability;
• High resistance against sulfate attack
• Higher elastic modulus due to the lower hydration rate compared to
ordinary Portland cement, reducing the risk of cracking due to shrinkage or
expansion.
• Bleeding: lower fineness (cement equivalent) increase. Finer decreases.
• Concrete finishability improved if content not too high

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Some Slag Disadvantages

• Lower reactivity than clinker at early strength

• Requires activation: physical or chemical
• Physical activation by grinding finer
• Slag is harder than clinker and requires more electrical
energy
• Not all slag are suitable
• Quality is sometimes hard to be evaluated, differently from
clinker
• Concrete with cement with slag may show a greenish or
bluish color

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Fly Ash
• North America Type F x C
• Function of CaO content: type F under 8%
• Europe Type V and W respectively
• Function of SiO2 + Al2O3+ Fe2O3. If > 70% type V and if < 70%
type W
• F provides better workability, lower heat of hydration, better
protection against AAR and better late strengths
• Type C better early strengths, faster slump loss
• Pozolanic nature: function of C content, fineness, and mainly
glass content and nature of the glass.

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Other Additives

• Limestone filler is soft material to grind with benefits for cement grain size
distribution;

• Calcined clay or metakaolin

• Silica fume is an extremely fine residue of Si or Fe - Si manufacturing, that

highly improves strength, but too expensive

• Rice husk ashes: excellent pozzolan being constituted by extremely fine

particles of vitreous SiO2.

• Tuff: usually low quality pozzolan

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Limestone
• Cheaper

• Easier to grind than clinker. High content coating

• The main cementitious material used in Africa

• Improve workability and cause less bleeding

• Less shrinkage: Physical- improving particle packing

• Impact on strength depending on the content

• At least 75% CaCO3 and careful with TOC (EN)

• Dolomite presence: risk of de-dolomitization and expansion

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Effect of limestone in cement

• As major constituent – mainly filler effect

• Filling hollow spaces between other particles;

• By this building more dense structure, resulting in slightly increased strength;

• Reducing the water demand and improving the workability of concrete;

• At higher incorporation levels the dilution effect dominates.

• Improvement option
• is to grind the clinker share separately finer.

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 Quality Control: Influences on Cement Quality

Raw Water
materials specialized
Clinker concrete
Secondary Admixtures and
raw processes Workability
materials ggbf-slag
Heat of hydration
Fly ash
Early strength
Limestone Cement Final strength
Pozzolana Concrete Durability
Primary fuels Silica fume Bleeding
Color
Filler Surface
Ca-Sulfate
Secondary Fly ash differentiated …
fuels Natural ggbf-slag products
gypsum Silica fume and
FGD gypsum environments
Anhydrite
Aggregates
Grinding aid
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