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The Philosophical view of

Self
Socrates: know Yourself

 Socrates is principally concerned with man. He considers man from


the point of view of his inner life.
 The famous line of Socrates “know yourself “ tells each man to bring
his inner self to light. A bad man is not virtuous through ignorance
the man who does not follow the good fails to do so because he
does not recognize it.
 The core of Socratic ethics is the concept of virtue and knowledge.
 Virtue – is the deepest and most basic propensity of man
 Knowing one’s own virtue is necessary and can be learned
Plato: the ideal Self, the perfect Self

 According to Plato, man was omniscient or all knowing before he


came to be born into this world.
 Man who is now an exile on earth has a guiding star, a model or a
divine exemplar which he must attain his destiny
 In practical terms, this means that man in this life should imitate his
former self; more specially , he should live a life of virtue is attained
by the constant imitation of the divine exemplar or virtue,
embodied in man’s former perfect self.
Immanuel Kant: respect for self

 Man is the only creature who governs and directs himself and his
actions.
 Who sets up ends for himself and his purpose, and who freely orders
means for the attainment of his aims.
 Every man is thus an end in himself and should never be treated
merely as a means-----as per order of the creator and the natural
order of things
 This rule is a plain dictum of reason and justice
 All men are persons gifted with the same basic rights and should
treat each other as equals.
René Descartes: “ I think, therefore I am”

 Descartes states that the self is a thinking entity distinct


from the body.
 His famous principle was “ Cogito, ergo sum,’ which
means “I think, therefore I am”
 Although the mind and the body are independent from
each other and serve their own function man must use
his own mind and thinking abilities to investigate,
analyze, experiment, and develop himself
John Locke: Personal identity

 John Locke –holds that personal identity (the self ) is a matter of


psychological continuity.
 For him personal identity is founded on consciousness(memory)
and not on the substance of either the soul or the body.
 Personal identity is the concept about oneself that evolves over the
course of an individual’s life
 It may include aspects of life that man has control over, such as
where he grew up or the color of his skin, as well as the choice he
makes , like how he spends his time and what he believes
David Hume: The Self is the Bundle
Theory of Mind

 Hume is skeptical about the existence of the self, specially, on


whether there is simple unified self that exists over time.
 For him, man has no “clear and intelligible” idea of the self.
 He posits that no single impression of the self exists: rather, the self is
just the thing to which all perception of a man is ascribed
 Hume asserts that what we call the ‘self” is really just “ a bundle or
collection of different perceptions which succeed each to other
with an inconceivable rapidity’
The self as a crown creation of self

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the Crown creation of
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