ISDN SERVICES

ISDN
• WHAT IS ISDN ?

• INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK

• STATE-OF-THE-ART PUBLIC SWITCHED DIGITAL NETWORK

• ON ISDN LINE VOICE, DATA, VIDEO OR COMBINATION OF two CAN

BE SEND
 Integrated Services
Digital Network
(ISDN)
Developed by ITU-T in 1976

Set of protocols that combines digital telephony and data

transport services. The whole idea is to digitize the telephone
network to permit the transmission of audio, video and text over
existing telephone lines.

The goal is to form a WAN that provides universal end-to-end

connectivity over digital media.
Traditional Telephone Network VS Integrated
Digital Network
• Traditional Telephone Networks
– Separately designed and administrated transmission and switching
systems
– Demultiplexing and demodulating are necessary at each switching
center
– A repeated process results in an accommodation of noise as well as
cost
• Integration of transmission and switching systems
– Achievable when both systems are digital
– Using PCM modulation and TDM multiplexing
– Switching without decoding along the way
– Separate multiplex/demultiplex channel banks are not required

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Analog Communications w/o ISDN

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 The Integrated Digital Network
Multiplex and modulate signals
Space-division Demultiplex and demodulate signals
switch

Analog telephone network

PCM: pulse-code modulation

NETE0510: Communication Media and Data

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Communications
Digital Communications with ISDN

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 The Integrated Digital Network (cont’d)

• The IDN will combine the coverage of the

geographically extensive telephone network with the
data carrying capacity of digital data networks in a
structure called the “integrated services digital
network (ISDN)”
– “integrated” refers to the simultaneous carrying of
digitized voice and a variety of data traffic on the same
digital transmission links and by the same digital exchanges

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 Principles of ISDN
1. Support of voice and non-voice applications using a limited
set of standardized facilities
– Defines the purpose of ISDN and the means of achieving it
2. Support for switched and non-switched applications
– Both circuit-switched and packet-switched connections
– Support non-switched services in the form of dedicated lines
3. Reliance on 64-kbps connections
– Fundamental block of ISDN
– 64 kbps were chosen because it was the standard rate for digitized
voice

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 Principles of ISDN (cont’d)
4. Intelligence in the network
– Sophisticated serviced beyond simple setup a circuit-switched call
– Sophisticated network management and maintenance capabilities
– Use of SS7 ( (common channel) signaling system number 7) and intelligent
switching nodes in the network
– SS7 is a set of telephony signaling protocols which are used to set up the
vast majority of the world's public switched telephone network telephone
calls.
5. Layered protocol architecture
– User access to ISDN protocol is a layered architecture that can be
mapped to OSI model
– Standards can be developed independently for various layers and
functions
6. Variety of configurations
– More than one physical configuration is possible for implementing ISDN

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The User Interface

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 The User Interface (cont’d)
• User has access to ISDN via a local interface to a digital “pipe”.
• Pipes of various sizes are available to satisfy different needs
• Pipe to the user’s promises has a fixed capacity but the traffic
on the pipe may be a variable mix up to the capacity limit
• ISDN requires control signals to instruct how to sort out the
time-multiplexed data and provide the required services
• Control signals are multiplexed onto the same digital pipe

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 Benefits
• The principle benefits of ISDN to the customer can
be expressed in terms of cost savings and flexibility
• Integrated voice and data means that the user does
not have to buy multiple services to meet multiple
needs
– Access charges to a single line only
– Purchasing services based on actual needs
– Product diversity, low price, and wide availability of
equipment

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ISDN Architecture

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 ISDN Architecture (cont’d)
• Physical interface provides a standardized means of attaching
to the network
• The interface supports a basic service consisting of three
time-multiplexed channels, two at 64 kbps and one at 16 kbps
• In addition, there is a primary service that provide multiple
64-kbps channels
• An interface is defined between the customer’s terminal
equipment (TE) and a device on the customer’s premises,
known as a network termination (NT)
• The subscriber loop is the physical path from the subscriber’s
NT to the ISDN central office
– Must support full-duplex digital transmission for both basic and
primary data rates

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 ISDN Services

Bearer services – provide the means to transfer information (voice, data,

video) between users without the network manipulating the content of that
information. Belongs to the first 3 layers of the OSI model.

Teleservices – the network my change or process the contents of the data.

- correspond to layers 4-7 of the OSI model
- rely on the facilities of bearer services

Supplementary services – provide additional functionality to the bearer

services and teleservices.
ISDN Services
 Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN)

ISDN incorporates all communication connections

in a home or building into a single interface

With ISDN all customer services will become digital

rather than analog.
 Subscriber Access to the ISDN
• Subscriber loops – organized Channel Data Rates
into multiple channels of different
(Kbps)
sizes
Bearer (B) 64
• B channel
Data (D) 16, 64
– basic user channel
– Can carry any type of digital info
in Full-duplex mode Hybrid (H) 384 (H0),
– Carries transmissions end-to-end 1536(H11),
1920(H12)
• D channel
– Primary function is to carry control H Channels
signaling for the B channel
- For high data rate applications
– Acts like an operator between the such as video, teleconferencing and
user and the network at the
so on
network layer
 Access to ISDN
• Basic Rate Access (BRA)
– 2 x 64 kbit/s channels
– 1X 16 kbit/s control/signalling channel
– Uses existing copper cable to local exchange
Primary Rate Access (PRA)
– 30 x 64 kbit/s channels
– 1 x 64 kbit/s control/ signalling channel
– Also an additional 64 kbit/s synchronizing channel
– Requires special cabling to exchange (2-wire screened, coax or
fibre
 ‘B’ + ‘D’ Defined
Two Bearer Channels (‘B’)
– 64 kbit/s each (can be up to 250 kbit/s with data compression)
– Circuit switched voice or data
– Both channels can be aggregated into a 128 kbit/s channel
One Signalling Channel (‘D’)
– 16 kbit/s
– provides out-of-band signalling
– low packet switched data (can be up to a maximum of 9.6 kbit/s)
 Graphical Representation of Basic
Rate ISDN Channels

64 kbit/s Voice
‘B’ & Data

64 kbit/s Voice
‘B’ & Data

‘D’ 16 kbit/s Signalling & Data

48 bits in 250 microseconds

SEND

RECEIVE
 Two Types of Digital Subscriber Loops

• Basic rate interface (BRI)

• Primary rate interface (PRI)

– Each type is suited to a different level of

customer needs

– Both include one D channel and some

number of either B or H channels
 Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
Designed to meet the needs of residential and small-office customers

The same twisted pair local loop that delivers analog transmission
can be used to handle digital transmission
 Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Other channel combinations:

– 3H0 + D
– 4H0 + D
– H12 + D

PRI was designed to be compatible with existing T-1 lines

In Europe, the PRI includes 30 B channels and 2 D channels

= capacity of 2.048 Mbps – the capacity of E-1 line
 ISDN Equipment Termination

G- 4

ISDN Fa
Telephone
x

PC + ISDN card
Network
Termination

Exch

Terminal
PC Adapter PC + ISDN card

non -ISDN Telephone

 ISDN REFERENCE POINTS

• U - Two wire cable that connects the

customer’s equipment to the
telecommunications provider
• R - Point between non-ISDN equipment
(TE2) and the TA
• S - Four-wire cable from TE1 or TA to the
NT1 or NT2
• T - Point between NT1 and NT2
• NT-1 (Network Terminator-1)
– An NT-1 is an interface box that converts ISDN data
into something a PC can understand (and vice versa). It
works a little like a cable TV descrambler for ISDN
signals, and is often built into ISDN adapters.
• TA (Terminal Adapter)
– This chunk of hardware converts the data it receives
over ISDN to a form your computer can understand.
Sometimes mistakenly called an ISDN modem or a
digital modem, a terminal adapter handles data
digitally and does not need to modulate or
demodulate an analog signal. Terminal adapters can
be an internal board or an external board that
connects to the computer through the serial port.
 Functional Grouping
Defines the function of
each type of equipment

NT – network termination
TE – terminal equipment

NT1
• Controls the physical & electrical termination of the ISDN at the user’s
premises

• Connects the user’s internal system to the digital subscriber loop

• Organizes the data stream s from a connected subscriber into frames that can
be sent over the digital pipe

• Translates the frames received from the network into a format usable by the
subscriber’s devices.
NT2 ( ex. Digital PBX, LAN)
• Performs functions at the physical (multiplexing), data link (flow control),
network layers (packetizing) of the OSI model

• Provides intermediate signal processing between the data-generating devices

and an NT1

• Used primarily to interface between a multiuser system and an NT1 in a PRI.

TE1 – same thing as DTE
• Any device that supports the ISDN standards

• Ex. Digital telephones,integrated voice/data terminals

TE2
• Any non-ISDN device
• Ex. Terminal workstation, regular telephone
• Can be used with the help of Terminal Adapter (TA)
 Reference Points

Label used to identify individual interfaces between two elements of an

ISDN installation

Defines the functions of the connections

 Addressing in ISDN

Addressing – important information element type in ISDN

NC – national Code

Subaddress – identify the device connected to NT1

 B-ISDN Services

Broadband ISDN – based on a change from metal cable to fiber

optic cable at all levels of telecommunications

Interactive services – those that require two-way exchanges between

either 2 subscribers or between a subscriber & a service provider
- conversational – real time exchanges such as telephone calls
- messaging – store & forward exchanges such as voice mail
- retrieval –retrieve info from a central office
 B-ISDN Services

Distributive services – unidirectional services sent from a provider to

subscribers, broadcast to the user

- without user control – user choice is limited to whether or not

to receive the service at all

- with user control – allow the user a choice of times during

which to receive them
 SERVICES OFFERED BY ISDN

• VIDEO PHONE
• PC BASED VIDEO CONFERENCING @64/128 Kbps
• STUDIO BASED VIDEO CONFERENCING @ 128/256/384/512 Kbps
• HIGH SPEED DATA TRANSFER @128 Kbps
• HIGH SPEED FAX WITH G-4 FAX
• DIGITAL EPABX
• HIGH SPEED INTERNET ACCESS @64/128 Kbps
• OTHER PHONE PLUS SERVICES
 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR ISDN

• NETWORK TERMINATION (NT)

• ISDN MODEM
• TERMINAL ADAPTOR
• PC ADD ON CARD
• VIDEO PHONE
• VIDEO CONFERENCING SYSTEM
• G-4 FAX
 Application of ISDN Services
 Bank Universities & institutions,Share brokers
firm, Pvt firms having EPABX & extensions
 Hospitals ,Medical institutions Nursing Homes,
 All B.P.O’s call centers , data centers , NIC,
 Audio video conferencing hubs & end point stations
 Media companies for broadcasting services, travel
agencies, News paper houses .
 Railways all PSU’s , need short code on PRI.
 All Pvt. Ltd companies

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 PHONE PLUS SERVICES OF ISDN

• CALLING LINE IDENTIFICATION PRESENTATION (CLIP)

• MULTIPLE SUBSCRIBER NUMBER (MSN)

• TERMINAL PORTABILITY (TP)

• CALL WAITING
 Application of ISDN Services
 Bank Universities & institutions,Share brokers
firm, Pvt firms having EPABX & extensions
 Hospitals ,Medical institutions Nursing Homes,
 All B.P.O’s call centers , data centers , NIC,
 Audio video conferencing hubs & end point stations
 Media companies for broadcasting services, travel
agencies, News paper houses .
 Railways all PSU’s , need short code on PRI.
 All Pvt. Ltd companies

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 Healthcare Applications
 Remote diagnosis,Tele-surgery
 Document or medical image transfer
 Remote consultation between consultants and
doctors
 Patient surveillance, medical monitoring, and
alarms with access to hospitals from a patients
home
 Access to medical Bulletin boards and the Internet
&many more usage for corporate companies,
courts/ & placement consultants.
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