BY:-Simanjeet Kalia

THE MAGIC SHOW:-

Quantum Mechanics (QM) is an enduring source of entertainingly intractable
philosophical puzzles. After nearly a hundred years of pondering, the reality of
QM seems more and more like a magic trick that stubbornly resists all attempts
at common-sense explanation.
At some level there is real magic in QM that will endure all attempts to
deconstruct it. But, like all good tricks, QM relies to some extent on sleight of
hand and misdirection. The patter used most often when talking about QM tells a
story about a mathematical theory that predicts with astounding accuracy the
outcomes of measurements made on particles. The magic arises because the
structure of the theory describes a world where (apparently) physical entities
literally do not have physical properties until those properties are measured.
The sleight-of-hand is that the term "measurement" is never defined.
Unfortunately, it turns out that the story of QM has a fatal flaw. Not QM itself,
mind you, but the story, the patter that goes along with the theory. In particular,
the idea of measurement as described in the QM story leads directly to a physical
impossibility, specifically faster-than-light communication. To see this we have
to begin by reviewing the QM story.
 TIMELINE
UNTANGLING ENTANGLEMENT

All begins with Neils Bohr’s idea on atoms i.e. electrons

having specific energy in particular orbits and their
excitation to higher or lower states leads to energy
radiation. He named the energy contents as QUANTAS
and termed it as QUANTUM LEAP.

1923:-French physicist Louise de Broglie introduces the

idea that particles have wave like properties-later
described as wave functions-that allows particles to exists
in a mixture of states at the same time.
1928-1935:-
THE TWO SLIT EXPERIMENT

The grandmother of all quantum mysteries is the two-slit

experiment. A beam of monochromatic light, for example
from a laser, shines upon a screen. Between the screen and
the light source is a barrier in which two narrow slits have
been cut out. What appears on the screen is an interference
pattern, showing multiple fringes of destructive and
constructive interference, demonstrating the wave-like
nature of light. Same was done with electrons being thrown
to the slit observing the interference pattern.
A GALLERY OF MYSTERIES

Max Bourne taking formulations from the above equations said the size of the wave
determined the probability where the electrons are found.

Appling probability could make correct observations at times but it was not accurate
to measure. With the growth of QM probability took stride to universe…
Many didn’t believe this including Einstein could not believe that the fundamental
nature of reality at the deepest level was determined by chance.
 CONTRADICTING VIEWS OF BOHR
AND EINSTIEN

Bohr suggested that before we measure or observe a particle it’s characteristics or

location was uncertain. Electrons in double slit experiment it could be anywhere,
till we observe it. Only at that moment the location of uncertainty disappears. The
active measurement forces the particle to make that choice.

But Einstein believed in certainty not just when it is measured or observed but all
the time. He said that the moon is always there even if we are not looking at it.
According to him QM was not incorrect but lack something as it failed to mark
certainty. One significant feature of the pattern that accompanies the quantum
magic show is talking about particles mysteriously "knowing" what is going on
somewhere else in the world. We will see this trick again (with even more
dramatic results) when we take a closer look at the EPR paradox.
1935:-Einstein proposed that the theory was incomplete but he
need a assurance of it . He needed something to prove the theory
incomplete. Their came a state of ENTAGLEMENT . It was the
most ridiculous ever predictions made which came from the
equations of Quantum Mechanics. He named it as SPOOKY
ACTION at a distance.
1935:-Schrodinger describes how a cat could be alive and
dead simultaneously, as the result of being exposed to a
quantum phenomenon he calls “entanglement”.

The bizarre mixed state of atoms is no

longer some esoteric quantum effect:
the life of the cat is dictated by them.

After an hour is the cat alive or dead?

Acc to QT ,the perplexing answer is
both-until somehow the mixture of
states is persuade to “collapse”, into a
single definite state.

Schrodinger coined a
termed to describe situations where
the laws of QT form an intimate bond
between one object and another :
ENTANGLEMENT.
As it’s name suggests, quantum entanglement binds sub atomic
particles together – but it does so in ways that simply boggle the
mind. Perform an action on one particle, and its entangled partners
are instantly affected , no matter where they are , or how far apart.

It sounds something out of science fiction-and rightly so, as it opens

up the prospect of the distinctly futuristic applications, from ultra
fast computing to star trek style teleportation, beaming objects
across the cosmos.
 If we know the position of the first particle; we can use
good ,old fashioned Newton’s laws of motion to figure
out the position of it’s partner, without ever having to
observe it. There ‘s no uncertainty involved.
Perhaps if the first particle somehow signals the fact that
it has been observed, prompting it’s still fuzzy partner to
take on a definite state ‘but this was not in favour of
THEORY OF RELATIVITY no signal can travel faster
than light.
Communication was forbidden with zero time delay.
They simply have to have definite properties all the
time…….it still remains in complete theory !
1985:-David Duetsch at the university of Oxford proves
that entanglement could open the way to “Quantum
Computers", whose use of mixed state particles called
QUBITS could solve problems far faster than conventional
computers.

1996:-Serge Haroche and co-

workers in Paris perform the
first ever experimental
verification of Schrödinger's
cat experiment, using particles
instead of cat to demonstrate
how entanglement rapidly
disappears with time.
1997:-Researchers in Austria “TELEPORT” a photon
capturing its properties using entangled photons, one of
which was then sent across the lab and used to recreate
the original photon.

2008:-An
international team
demonstrates a secure
communication
network in Austria,
with the key needed
to encode the data
transmitted by qubits,
to ensure any attempt
at eavesdropping or
interception is
instantly revealed.
2009:- A team led by Steven Olmschenek at the
University of Maryland teleports an atom several feet by
entangling it with another and recreating its properties
using a Microwave.
 Ramakrishna
Paritosha
Piyush
Aryan
Sambeet
Biswas
Simanjeet

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