Vertebrae

 body (corpus)
 extremitas cran. (convex) & caud. (concave)
discus intervertebralis, NO synovial joints !
 arch (arcus): 2x pediculus + lamina
 DORSAL! – orientation

 incisura cran. + caud.  foramen intervertebrale

(for. vertebrale laterale)

 processes (processus)
 proc. spinosus, transversus, articularis

 proc. mamillaris (+cran. artic.), accessorius

 cervical vertebrae

  mobility
 body very convex + concave
 articular surfaces very large

- proc. transv.  tuberculum dors. + ventr.

- for. transversarium? (cervical only)
 cervical vertebrae, C1
 C1 – atlas, nodding movement
 body  massa lat., proc. transv.  wing (ala
atlantis), no proc. articularis, proc. spinosus 
tuberculum
 cran.: deep excavation for condylus occipitalis

 ventral: excavation: fossa alaris

 foramina (interspec. diff.)

for. alare  fossa alaris

for. vertebrale lat. (MED!)  canalis vertebralis
for. transversarium  perforates proc. transv.
 cervical vertebrae

 C2 – axis, rotatory movement

 cran. projection: dens axis
 interspec. diff.: shape of dens
fac. articul. cran.
proc. spinosus

 C6 – tuberculum ventr. lamina ventralis

 C7 – caud: attachment of 1st rib, NO for. transv.
 thoracic vertebrae

 attachment of ribs (small proc. transv.)

- on body: fovea costalis cran. + caud.
 head of rib
- on proc. transv.: fovea costalis proc. transv.
 tubercle of rib

 high proc. spinosus

 lumbar vertebrae: large proc. transversus
 interspec. diff.: direction of proc. transv.
proc. spinosus: ratio (high)

 sacral vertebrae: fused to form the sacrum

proc. transv.  ala ossis sacri
(facies auricularis – hip bone)
 interspec. diff.: position of wing, shape of bone,
direction of auricular surface,
fusion of procc. spinosi + articul.

 caudal vertebrae: reduction of processes

 ribs prox.:
- head (caput)  body of vertebrae
- neck (collum)
- tubercle (tuberculum)  proc. transversus
directed caudally!  R/L?
- sulcus muscularis (craniolat.: expand thorax
during respiration)
- sulcus costae (vessels + nerv: caudomed.,
protected)
 sternum
- cran.: manubrium

- body (corpus)

- caud.: proc. xiphoideus

interspec. diff.: shape

(Eq: crista ventralis sterni)