ferromagnetism by ibrar ahmad bs

physics awkum 4/28/2019 2:27:54

AM
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4/29/2019 2:30:40 AM
Ferromagnetism
ferromagnetism:
comes from the term ‘ferrous’ meaning
iron, the first type of metal discovered
to exhibit attraction to magnetic fields.it
is occure in materials in which the
atoms have permenentmagnetic
diapoles moments like paramagnetism. 2. All ferromagnetic materials
main difference :
but the main difference is
ferromagnetic material there is a
strong interaction between nieghborin
atoms thats keeps their diapole
moments aligned when the external
magnetic field is removed .
Paramagnetism refers to materials like
aluminum or platinum which become
magnetized in a magnetic field but their
magnetism disappears when the field is
removed.
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Ferromagnetic materials have
following properties:
1. In ferromagnetic materials, the
magnetic lines of forces due to the
applied magnetic field are strongly
attracted towards the material.
become paramagnetic above a
temperature called Curie
temperature Tc
 Curie temperature Tc for iron is
707c
above this temperture the iron is
paramagnetic.
3.Permeability is greater than 1.
cont....
4.Magnetic susceptibility is large and graph between temperture T and
positive. susceptibility X.
 susceptibility is already define in
diamagnetism .
5.Magnetic susceptibility decreases
with the rise in temperature
according to Curie's law.
6.The source of ferromagnetism is the
spin of the electrons.
7.Ferromagnetic materials like Fe,
Co, Ni, have incomplete inner
shells. These shells can be
completed by using Hund’s rule.
8.Ferromagnetism is the property of
a material to be strongly attracted
to a magnetic field and to become
a powerful magnet.
Explanation: The ferromagnetic
materials have a permanent dipole
moment. So they act as strong
magnets.
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 Example: Nickel (Ni) has 28 electrons. Draw the Electron Configuration
Notation.


1s
   
2s 2p
   
3s 3p
 
 
 
 
 
4s 3d
Follow Hund’s rule in the 3d sublevel so each orbital gets one electron before one
orbital has 2 electrons.
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questions and answer
Q1: When does a ferromagnetic material become paramagnetic
material?
Explanation: Curie temperature is the temperature at which the magnetic
properties of a material change. When the temperature is greater than curie
temperature, ferromagnetic material becomes paramagnetic material.
Q2:Which of the following materials have a permanent magnetic
moment?
Explanation: In ferromagnetic material, there will be a large number of
unequal electron spins and hence there exists an enormous amount of
permanent magnetic moment.
Q3:Which of the following exhibits spontaneous magnetisation?
Explanation: The ferromagnetic materials exhibit magnetisation even in
the absence of an external field. This property is called spontaneous
magnetisation. Hence ferromagnets exhibit spontaneous magnetisation.
Q4:define magnetic domain and magnetic domain wall?
magnetic domain:A region in which the magnetic fields of all atoms are
lined up in the same direction. or A region where tiny atomic magnets
(magnetic diapole moments) reside.
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cont....
• magnetic domain wall:the boundry
or an interface which separating
magnetic domains
• when T>Tc then ferro become
paramagnetic.
• when T<Tc then ferromagnetic.
• T=Tc then start from ferromagnetic
to paramagnetic.
• spin magnetic moment and orbital
magnetic moment in the presence
of Bext.
spin magnetic moment:can not change.
orbital magnetic moment: can change
by applaying external magnetic field
Bext in case of ferromagnetic
materials align in the direction of
Bext.
ibrar ahmad bs physics awkum
(ahmadibrar267@gmail.com)

4/29/2019 2:30:40 AM