中国戏曲
Contents
Introduction
Varieties
Peking Opera
Introduction ----- Chinese Operas
Chinese Opera has been acknowledged as one of
the greatest ancient dramas in the world,
paralleling the Comedies and Tragedies of Greece
and the Sanskrit (梵文) Drama of India.
笙
唢呐
Bowed String Instrument拉弦乐器
二胡
京胡
板胡
Plucked String Instrument弹拨乐器
阮
扬琴
筝
琵琶 三弦
Percussion打击乐器
The history of percussion instruments in
China is longer than any other category of
traditional instruments. The character of
'drum' was first found in the inscriptions on
bones and tortoise shells of the Shang
Dynasty. China has an enormous variety
of percussion instruments and the more
popular ones are the Gu, Zhong, Bo and
Luo, which can make sounds full of
appeals and local color.
Percussion打击乐器
青铜编钟
锣 钹
编磬
鼓 木鱼
Peking Opera
Facial masks
Brief Introduction
Beijing opera or Peking opera is a form
of traditional Chinese theatre which
combines music, vocal performance,
mime, dance and acrobatics<杂技>. The
form was extremely popular in the Qing
Dynasty court and has come to be
regarded as one of the cultural
treasures of China. It has also spread
to other countries such as the United
States and Japan.
Development
Beijing opera was born when the "Four Great
Anhui Troupes" brought Anhui opera, or what is
now called Huiju, to Beijing in 1790, for the
birthday of the Qianlong Emperor. Beijing opera
was originally staged for the court and came into
the public later. In 1828, some famous Hubei
troupes came to Beijing. They often jointly
performed in the stage with Anhui troupes. The
combination gradually formed Beijing opera's
melodies. Beijing opera is generally regarded as
having fully formed by 1845.Although it is called
Beijing opera (Beijing theatre style), its origins
are in the southern Anhui and eastern Hubei
Beijing opera is not actually a monolithic<单块的>
form, but rather a coalescence <联合>of many
older forms.
Performers utilize the skills of speech, song,
dance, and combat in movements that are
symbolic and suggestive, rather than realistic.
The skill of performers is evaluated according
to the beauty of their movements. Performers
also adhere to a variety of stylistic conventions
that help audiences navigate the plot of the
production. The layers of meaning within each
movement must be expressed in time with
music. Beijing opera are based on Chinese
history, folklore, and, increasingly,
contemporary life.
Beijing opera was initially an exclusively male
pursuit. The Qianlong Emperor had banned all
female performers in Beijing in 1772. The
appearance of women on the stage began
unofficially during the 1870s. Female performers
began to impersonate male roles and declared
equality with men. By 1894, the first commercial
venue showcasing female performance troupes
appeared in Shanghai. This encouraged other
female troupes to form, which gradually increased in
popularity. As a result, theatre artist Yu Zhenting俞振
庭 petitioned(请愿)for the lifting of the ban after
the founding of the Republic of China in 1911. This
was accepted, and the ban was lifted in 1912.
●The roles on the Chinese opera stage fall
into four categories: Sheng, Dan, Jing and
Chou.
●These roles have the natural features of age
and sex, as well as social status, and
are artificially exaggerated by makeup, costume<
戏服> and gestures.
●京剧在塑造人物方面有其独特的造型语言。它把不
同性别、性格、年龄、身份的人物划分为不同的行当,
一般说来有"生、旦、净、丑"四大行当。由于京剧人
物造型形象鲜明、风格多样,有强烈的剧场效果,常
常更易于激起观众的欣赏兴趣。
Sheng
老生/《甘露寺》 小生/《柳荫记》
Laosheng is meaning bearded men,
because the actors wear artificial beards, and
they are middle-aged or elderly men. Most
are upright(正直) and resolute(刚毅)
characters. They sing in their natural voices,
and their actions are serious ones.
Xiaosheng represents young male
characters. They don't wear artificial beards.
They always sing in their real voices, while in
Kunqu and Pihuang operas the singing mixes
natural and falsetto voices.
Sheng
旦行中的"花旦",多扮演天真活泼或放荡泼
辣的青衣妇女,在表演上注重做工和念白,
例如《红娘》中的红娘.
Dang
青衣/《贵妃醉酒》 花旦/《拾玉镯》
Wudan refers to female characters skilled in the
martial arts and can be subdivided into Daomadan
and Wudan, according to the social positions and
skills represented. Daomadan is good at using
pikes and spears, and at riding horses. Wudan
always wears short robes and the role
emphasizes acrobatics. Wudan plays gods and
ghosts and has excellent fighting skills.
武旦"和"刀马旦"相当于生行中的武生,扮演的是擅
长武艺的青壮年妇女,装扮和武生差不多,也扎靠
服,她们多在剧中扮演女侠、女将甚至女仙、女妖
等。武旦和刀马旦的表演往往还伴随着热闹的锣鼓
点,烘托场上的气氛
Laodan usually represents aged women.
She sings in their natural voices, in a style
similar to that of Laosheng but in milder
tones.
老旦指在剧中扮演老年妇女的角色行当。为
突出老年人的特点,走路迈一种沉稳的横八
字步,服装色调为色彩偏暗的秋香色、墨绿
色,演唱用真声表现。
武旦/《穆桂英》 老旦/《秦香莲》
Jing
Jing refers to painted-face roles, known popularly as
Hualian. The different colors and designs on the
faces represent males with different characteristics.
Some are bold and vigorous and some are sinister<
邪恶的>, ruthless, crude and rash(鲁莽). The voice is
loud and clear, and the movements are
exaggerated. The roles represent men of high social
standing and good behavior, often court ministers.
"净"角脸部化妆最为丰富彩。"净"因面部化妆要用各种
色彩和图案勾勒脸谱,所以又俗称"大花脸"。一般扮演
品貌或者性格有特点的男子,在京剧中多为将军或有
一定社会地位的人
Jing
武净/《战宛城》 铜锤/《打龙袍》
"末"也属老生类,但在年龄上应更老,
思维糊涂,生活在底层的老人。由
于化妆时在鼻梁上抹以小块白粉而
俗称"小花脸",又同净角的大花脸、
二花脸并列而俗称"三花脸"。
Chou
The Chou is one of the main roles in Peking
Opera. The eyes and nose are surrounded by
a white patch, so Chou is also known as Xiao
Hua Lian (partly painted face). The Chou roles
originated in Southern Drama of the Song and
Yuan dynasties (960-1368)剧中的"丑"角演员
又称为"小花脸"。"丑"行的化妆虽与大花脸有点
相象,可是他的表演风格却完全不同,有点像
夸张的漫画。丑角的出场常会带来满堂的笑声
the Chou roles are divided into two categories:
Wenchou (civilian) and Wuchou (martial).
Chou
文丑/《群英会》 武丑/《连环套》
Wuchou requires not only a good command
of the martial arts or acrobatics, but also the
ability to deliver the lines both clearly and
fluently. The movements should be light and
powerful.
武丑扮演的经常是一些机警风趣、武艺高超
的人物,象绿林好汉、侠盗小偷等等。"文丑"
经常扮演花花公子、狱卒、酒保、更夫、老
兵等。不管文丑或武丑,虽有文武善恶、身
份高低之分,在剧中都是幽默、滑稽的喜剧
人物,也并不都是反派。
Beijing Opera facial masks
京剧脸谱
The facial makeup in Chinese opera, is a
special feature of a national cosmetic. As
each historical figure or a certain type of
person has an approximate spectral type,
like sing, play music to the music, so
called “types of facial makeup in operas”.
On the types of facial makeup in operas
sources, the general view is from mask.
•Beijing opera types of facial makeup
in operas are based on certain
personality, temperament or some
special types of figures for the use of
certain colors.
京剧脸谱,是具有民族特色的一种特殊的化妆
方法。由于每个历史人物或某一种类型的人物
都有一种大概的谱式,就像唱歌、奏乐都要按
照乐谱一样,所以称为“脸谱”.关于脸谱的来
源,一般的说法是来自假面具。根据某种性格、
性情或某种特殊类型的人物为采用某些色彩的 。
Red has expressed his Warriors of strong
types of facial makeup in operas such as
Guan Yu, Jiang Wei and Chang Yuchun.
红色有脸谱表示忠勇士义烈,如关羽、姜维
、常遇春.
Black said the types of facial makeup
in operas ming criticized people,
integrity, bravery and even reckless,
such as Zhang Fei, Li Kui黑色的脸谱
表示刚烈、正直、勇猛甚至鲁莽,如包
拯、张飞、李逵等 张飞
Yellow types of facial makeup in operas
that vicious brutality, such as Yuwen
Chengdu, and Dian Wei.黄色的脸谱表示
凶狠残暴,如宇文成都、典韦.
Blue or green types of facial makeup in
operas that some of the figures
represented irritable, such as Dou
Ambassador, Ma Wu.蓝色或绿色的脸谱
表示一些粗豪暴躁的人物,如窦尔敦、马
武等.
窦尔敦
General treacherous court official said
the types of facial makeup in operas
white, bad guys, such as Cao Cao,
Zhao Gao.白色的脸谱一般表示奸臣、坏人
,如曹操、赵高等
曹操
Gold and silver are used on faces of
deities, spirits and demons.
金色/银色:用于佛祖和神仙一类人物以及一
些比较有法力的精怪,如如来佛、二郎神
二郎神
京剧脸谱:如来佛
Classic Works
京剧经典
"Farewell, My Concubine”
霸王别姬
" Mu Guiying takes command"
梅兰芳晚年编演的
《穆桂英挂帅》
导入
《玉堂春》剧照
Zhaojun Left the Fortress
京剧《昭君出塞》
尚小云扮演的王昭君
Qin Xianglian
京剧《秦香莲》剧照 张君秋饰演的秦香莲
" Three forks"
经典京剧《三岔口》中,表现出黑夜搏斗的场面
Top Scholar as Matchmaker
京剧《状元媒》谭孝曾饰宋王、王蓉蓉饰柴郡主
导入
《秋江》
《秋江》剧照
童芷苓(左)饰道姑陈妙常,
王泗水(右)饰艄翁
导入
京剧《红娘》剧照
荀慧生《红娘》
Uproar in Heaven
《大闹天宫》剧照
《大闹天宫》中的一个场
面(1961年摄)
The Drunken Beauty
《贵妃醉酒》
央视: Madam White Snake
常规译: Legend of the White Snake
白蛇传
鸿门宴 Hongmen Banquet
(a feast or meeting set up as a trap for the
invited)
西厢记