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 Process control systems are classified into

Analog Control Systems

Digital Control Systems

Basic Control Loop

Basic Loop
SV(SET POINT)

Transmitter
PV(PROCESS MV(MANIPULATED
VARIABLE) Controller VARIABLE)
4-20 mA

I/P 4-20 mA
Convertor OR I/P
positioner
Pneumatic Signal
(0.2 to 1 Kg/cm2 or 3 to 15 psi)

Final Control Element

Analog Control System

Analog Control System

Operational Amplifier
Transmitter
1 to 5V DC
Signal
Conversion

4-20 mA DC
I/P

Set Point

Final Control Element

Digital Control System

Digital Control System

Memory
Unit

1 to 5V DC Control
Unit Set
A/D Input Point
Unit
4-20 mA DC Digital
Output Arithmetic
D/A Unit Unit
I/P

Processor
 Digital Control Systems are further classified
into

Centralized Control Systems

Distributed Control Systems

Centralized Control System

Centralized Control System

Centralized Control , Centralized Monitoring

PV1 MV1
Centralized
Input PV2 MV2 Output
Processing
Signals PV3 MV3 Signals
from Unit to
PVn MVn
Field CPU Field

SV1 SV2 SV3 SVn

Set Points
 Drawbacks Of CCS:
If the CPU fails the entire plant gets affected.
Redundancy concept is not available.
Redundancy is having two controllers. One would
be active and the other would be standby. If the
active controller fails, the standby controller
t a k e s o v e r .
Distributed Control System

Distributed Control System

Distributed Control Centralized Monitoring
PV1 MV1

FCS Output OPS

PV8 MV8
Input SV1 SV8
Signals
Signals PV9 MV9 to Field
from
FCS OPS
Field PV16 MV16
SV9 SV16

PV17 MV17
Communication
FCS Bus
PVn MVn
SV17 SVn
Set Points
 FCS (Field Control Station):
 Used to control the process. All the
instruments and interlocks created by software
reside in the memory of the FCS. All the field
instruments like transmitters and control
valves are wired to the FCS.
 OPS (Operator Station):
 Used to monitor the process and to operate
various instruments.
 Communication Bus:
 Used to communicate between the FCS and the
OPS
 Control function is distributed among multiple CPUs
(Field Control Stations). Hence failure of one FCS does
not affect the entire plant.
 Redundancy is available at various levels.
 Instruments and interlocks are created by software.
 Generation and modifications of the interlocks are
very flexible and simple.
 Information regarding the process is presented to the
user in various formats.
 Field wiring is considerably less.
 Maintenance and trouble shooting becomes very easy.
 Cost effective in the long run.