‫التأهيل الشامل في اإلشراف‬

‫الهندسي‬
‫ضبط الجودة والفحوصات‬
‫اعداد‬
‫د‪ .‬سامي حجاوي‬
‫د‪ .‬محمود شكارنه‬
‫د‪ .‬محمد طه السيد‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫صبط الجودة والفحوصات‬ ‫التأهيل الشامل في االشراف الهندسي‬

 Soil Classification Standard Systems

a.) USCS - unified soil classification system.

 used by U.S. Army Corps of Engs, US Bureau of Reel, and most consulting firms, (most
popular all over the world)
 it is almost identical to ASTM-2487.
developed by A. Casagrande 1948 for airfield construction.
modified in 1952 by Casagrande with US Army Corps of Eng. Bureau of Recl.
Basic Principles
1) The behaviour of fine grained soil is controlled by the plasticity.
2) Behaviour of coarse grained soil is controlled by the grain size distribution.
 Soil Classification Standard Systems

b.) AASHTO Classification System

1929 by Hogentogler and Terzaghi for local and secondary road projects
AASHTO (1978) Last major revision.
Primary use :- to determine the relative quality of a soil for embankments, subgrades,
subbases, bases (not for boundary embounded embankments "Dams")

Boulders >3"
#3 > Gravel >#10 A-l thru A-4 Coarse Grained
#10 > Coarse Sand >#40 A-5 thru A-7 Fine Grained
#40 >Fine Sand >#200 A-8 Peat or Muck
#200 >Silt and clay A-3 (GI) from eqn. or nomograph
 Soil Classification Standard Systems

c) Field Identification
visual - Manual Method - Ref. ASTM 2488
clay: - passes the #200 sieve
- can not be seen with the unaided eye.
- exhibits considerable dry strength
-PI > 4
- Plots above or on the A-line on the plasticity chart.
Max Particle Required
Silts - pass the #200 sieve Size Sample Size
- Little or no plasticity #4 ¼ lb
- Little or no dry strength
3/8” ½ lb
- Plot below the A-line
¾” 2 lb
1 ½” 18 lb
3” 132 lb
 SOIL TESTING

SOILS ARE TESTED TO PROVIDE DESIGN ENGINEERS WITH THE INFORMATIONNEEDED TO MAKE THEIR
DESIGN COMPLETE, THOROUGH AND APPLICABLE
LAB TESTS:
LAB RESULTS ARE EXPECTED TO ANSWER MOST IF NOT ALL OF THE FOLLOWING :
1. SOIL CLASSIFICATION
2. UNIT WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
3. SETTLEMENT, CONSOLIDATION, AND SWELLING PROBLEMS
4. STRENGTH OR BEARING CAPACITY
5. COMPACTION
6. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (if applicable)
FIELD TESTS
-STANDARD PENETRATION TEST
-CONE PENETRATION TEST
-VANE TEST
-PRESSUREMETER
-GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
 TESTS
TESTS FOR STRENGTH
-DIRECT SHEAR
- UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
-TRIAXIAL SERIES
COMPACTION TESTS
- STANDARD COMPACTION TEST 5.5 Ibs, 12-in high, 3-layers
- MODIFIED PROCTOR TEST 10 Ibs, 18-in high, 5-layers
MEASURING THE "PH"
- IN CASE OF ORGANIC SOILS
TESTS FOR SOIL CLASSIFICATION
-SEIVE ANALYSIS AND HYDROMETER
-ATTERBERG LIMITS (PL, LL, PI)
TESTS FOR SETTLEMENT, AND CONSOLIDATION
-DETERMINATION OF "E", THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
-CONSOLIDATION AND SWELLING
 GENERAL TYPES OF SAMPLERS

EXPLORATION SAMPLERS
- AUGERS, BAILERS, SPLIT TUBES
- SERIOUSLY DISTURBED
- MAY INVOLVE MIXING OF MATERIALS
DRIVE SAMPLERS
- A TUBE SAMPLER PUSHED INTO THE SOIL WITH A STEADY UNIFORM MOTION
- DISTURBANCE DEPENDS ON THE SOIL TYPE, SAMPLE DIAMETER TO WALL
THICKNESS RATIO, CUTTING EDGE CONFIGURATION
- GENERALLY HIGH QUALITY
- FOR LOOSE AND SOFT SOILS
 GENERAL TYPES OF SAMPLES

NON-REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES
-CONTAINS MATERIAL FROM SEVERAL DEPTHS
-GENERAL AUGER SAMPLES
-VERY LOW QUALITY SAMPLES
-USEFUL TO DETERMINE MAJOR CHANGES IN MATERIAL
REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLES (DISTURBED SAMPLES)
-CONTAINS ALL OF THE MATERIAL @ THE SAMPLE LOCATION
-THE STRUCTURE HAS BEEN HIGHLY DISTURBED
-MAY HAVE SLIGHT CHANGE IN WATER CONTENT
-SUITABLE FOR CLASSIFICATION
-NOT SUITABLE FOR COMPRESSIBILITY AND STRENGTH TESTING
UNDISTURBED SAMPLES
-HIGH QUALITY SAMPLES SUITABLE FOR STRENGTH AND COMPRESSIBILITY TESTING
-MINOR DISTURBANCE TO SAMPLE STRUCTURE
-VERY MINOR CHANGES IN DENSITY AND WATER CONTENT
CORE BORING SAMPLERS
-SAMPLER IS ADVANCED BY CHOPPING OR ROTATING THE CUTTING EDGE
-CUTTINGS ARE REMOVED BY A CIRCULATING FLUID
-THE SAMPLE IS UNDISTURBED
-QUALITY DEPENDS ON SAMPLER CONFIGURATION
-FOR HARD OR VERY DENSE MATERIAL